Abstract
In order to extend the direct observation of high-energy cosmic rays up to the PeV region, highly performing calorimeters with large geometrical acceptance and high energy resolution are required. Within the constraint of the total mass of the apparatus, crucial for a space mission, the calorimeters must be optimized with respect to their geometrical acceptance, granularity and absorption depth. CaloCube is a homogeneous calorimeter with cubic geometry, to maximise the acceptance being sensitive to particles from every direction in space; granularity is obtained by relying on small cubic scintillating crystals as active elements. Different scintillating materials have been studied. The crystal sizes and spacing among them have been optimized with respect to the energy resolution. A prototype, based on CsI(Tl) cubic crystals, has been constructed and tested with particle beams. Some results of tests with different beams at CERN are presented.
Highlights
Taking advantage of the multiplication effect due to the shower development
The direct measurement concerns the individual detection of the primary cosmic rays of energy up to 1015 eV, which is of great interest in the study of cosmic rays produced by galactic sources
The direct measurement of individual protons and nuclei spectra in space at high energy requires to have: an extremely large acceptance, a good energy resolution and mass identification capability, whereas the direct measurement of the electron component above 10 TeV requires: an excellent energy resolution, high h/e rejection and large acceptance above 1 TeV
Summary
Taking advantage of the multiplication effect due to the shower development. On the contrary, the direct measurement concerns the individual detection of the primary cosmic rays of energy up to 1015 eV (given the rapid attenuation of the flux with increasing energy), which is of great interest in the study of cosmic rays produced by galactic sources. This type of measurement is done using instruments placed abovee the atmosphere (on board of orbiting satellites), and represents a significant technological challenge, because such detectors must have: large geometrical acceptance, high energy resolution and optimal particle identification capability, with a limited weight and low power consumption
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