Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of a calcium (Ca) supplement derived from Gallus gallus domesticus (GD) on breaking force, microarchitecture, osteogenic differentiation and osteoclast differentiation factor expression in vivo in Ca-deficient ovariectomized (OVX) rats. One percent of Ca supplement significantly improved Ca content and bone strength of the tibia. In micro-computed tomography analysis, 1% Ca supplement attenuated OVX- and low Ca-associated changes in bone mineral density, trabecular thickness, spacing and number. Moreover, 1% Ca-supplemented diet increased the expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes, such as bone morphogenetic protein-2, Wnt3a, small mothers against decapentaplegic 1/5/8, runt-related transcription factor 2, osteocalcin and collagenase-1, while it decreased the expression of osteoclast differentiation genes, such as thrombospondin-related anonymous protein, cathepsin K and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B. Furthermore, 1% Ca-supplemented diet increased the levels of phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. The increased expression of osteoblast differentiation marker genes and activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling were associated with significant increases in trabecular bone volume, which plays an important role in the overall skeletal strength. Our results demonstrated that 1% Ca supplement inhibited osteoclastogenesis, stimulated osteoblastogenesis and restored bone loss in OVX rats.
Highlights
Osteoporosis, a major public health problem, is prevalent in postmenopausal women.Genetics, deficient calcium (Ca) intake, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol intake and reduction in estrogen levels are considered risk factors for osteoporosis [1]
Results are expressed as the means ± standard deviation (SD)
Results are expressed as the means ± standard deviation of Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin and receptor nuclearoffactor kappa sham, in low
Summary
Osteoporosis, a major public health problem, is prevalent in postmenopausal women.Genetics, deficient calcium (Ca) intake, cigarette smoking, excessive alcohol intake and reduction in estrogen levels are considered risk factors for osteoporosis [1]. Osteoporosis, a major public health problem, is prevalent in postmenopausal women. Estrogen deficiency due to the cessation of ovarian function is an important contributor to bone loss in postmenopausal women [2]. The beneficial effects of estrogen replacement in the treatment of estrogen-deficiency-induced bone loss have been clearly established, but this therapy might enhance undesirable side effects include breast, endometrial cancers and ovarian in postmenopausal women [3,4,5]. Standard therapeutic drugs for osteoporosis, including antiresorptive drugs, such as bisphosphonate, osteocalcin and estrogen, do not Nutrients 2017, 9, 504; doi:10.3390/nu9050504 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients. New agents for improving bone formation are needed, and functional foods containing natural substances as alternatives to estrogen replacement therapy represent a new approach for the prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis [1]
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