Abstract
Morphological similarities indicate that Palaeozoic problematic tubeworms, e.g. tentaculitids, cornulitids, microconchids, trypanoporids, Anticalyptraea, and Tymbochoos, form a monophyletic group. This group may also include hederelloids. Members of this group share affinities with lophophorates and their evolution could have partly been driven by predation. The extinction of Palaeozoic tubeworms in the Middle Jurassic was possibly at least partly caused by the ecological pressure by serpulid and sabellid polychaetes. The input of Palaeozoic tubeworms to the general ocean biocalcification system may have been smaller in the Ordovician to Jurassic than that of calcareous polychaetes in the Late Triassic to Recent. There seems to have been some correlation between the aragonite-calcite seas and the skeletal mineralogy of Triassic-Recent polychaete tubeworms.
Highlights
In modern oceans hard substrates are often heavily encrusted by serpulid polychaetes
Morphological similarities indicate that Palaeozoic problematic tubeworms, e.g. tentaculitids, cornulitids, microconchids, trypanoporids, Anticalyptraea, and Tymbochoos, form a monophyletic group
On the basis of the occurrence of the microlamellar shell structure, cross-bladed lamellar structure, regularly foliated structure, pseudopunctae, pores, and possible periostracum-like external organic layer (Vinn & Taylor 2007; Filipiak & Jarzynka 2009) we suggest that the problematic tubeworms with tentaculitid affinities were phylogenetically closely linked to lophophorates, but probably most closely to phoronids
Summary
In modern oceans hard substrates are often heavily encrusted by serpulid polychaetes. Whereas calcareous sabellids and cirratulids are known only from tropical and subtropical habitats (Perkins 1991; ten Hove & van den Hurk 1993; Fischer et al 2000). Serpulids were probably the first polychaete tubeworms to build biomineralized tubes, with the earliest certain representatives of Middle Triassic age (Stiller 2000; Vinn et al 2008a, 2008c). They were soon followed by calcareous sabellids (e.g. Glomerula) in the Early Jurassic (Parsch 1956; Jäger 2004; Vinn et al 2008a), and later by calcareous cirratulids in the Oligocene (Fischer et al 2000)
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