Cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi (L.) Powell) Oil Yield and Cineole Analysis in Ex-Coal Mining Land with Monoculture and Agroforestry Patterns

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) is an economically valuable plant that produces citronella oil and could grow on marginal lands. This study aimed to analyze citronella oil yields planted with agroforestry and monoculture patterns in a post-mining revegetation area. The treatment consisted of 3 factors, namely planting pattern, fertilizer dosage, and plant spacing. The measured variable was the citronella oil yield. The study was conducted by planting two lemongrass varieties i.e., Sitrona 2 Agribun Variety dan G2 Variety in the agroforestry and monoculture areas. The study was conducted for 12 months with three harvest times, i.e., in the 6th, 9th, and 12th months. The results showed that planting patterns significantly affected the citronella oil yield. Planting pattern of Monoculture-Sitrona 2 Agribun Variety (P4) produced the highest oil yield (1,95%). Plant spacing and dosage of bokashi fertilizer did not significantly affect the citronella oil yield. The Monoculture-Sitrona 2 Agribun Variety (P4) significantly increased the oil yield compared to the Agroforestry- Sitrona 2 Agribun Variety (P2), Monoculture-G2 Variety (P3), and Agroforestry-G2 Variety (P1) with a respective oil yield of 1,95% (P4), 1,50% (P2), 1,01% (P3), and 0,99% (P1). Sitrona 2 Agribun Variety tended to produce a higher oil yield than the G2 Variety. Keywords: agroforestry, citronella oil, lemongrass, oil yield, revegetation

A field experiment was conducted at PAU Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur during 2013–14 and 2014–15 to assess the effect of date of planting, land configuration and plant spacing on the fresh herbage yield and essential oil yield of geranium under sub-mountaineous region of Punjab. The experiment was laid out in split-split plot design having three replications with date of planting of geranium in main plots and land configuration in subplots and plant spacing in sub-sub plots. It consists of three planting dates of geranium plot viz. D1: November 15, D2: November 30, D3: December 15, two land configurations (Bed and Flat planting) in sub-plots and three plant spacing viz. S1: 90cm×30cm, S2: 90cm×45cm, S3: 90cm×60cm in sub-sub plots. The results indicated that the date of planting, land configuration and plant spacing did not show any significant effect on plant height of geranium at both harvests during both the years of study. The maximum plant spread was observed at D1: November 15, which was statistically at par with D2: November 30 and both these levels significantly higher than that of D3: December 15. Geranium planted on beds attained more plant spread which was significantly higher than that of flat planted plots. The maximum values of plant spread were produced by plant spacing of S3: 90cm×60cm, which was statistically at par with S2: 90cm×45cm and these two plant spacing treatments resulted in significantly higher values of plant spread than 90cm×30cm. Significantly the highest herbage yield and essential oil yield were recorded in D1: November 15 which was statistically at par with D2: November 30 and these treatments obtained higher herbage yield and essential oil yield than D3: December 15 at both harvests during both the years of study. Significantly higher fresh herbage yield and essential oil yield in both the harvest were recorded in bed planting than in flat planting among both the harvests of geranium. Among plant spacing, the highest fresh herbage yield and essential oil yield was observed in both the harvest in plant spacing S1: 90cm×30cm, proved significantly superior to S2: S2: 90cm×45cm and S3: 90cm×60cm. The date of planting, land configuration and plant spacing resulted in statistically similar values of oil content of geranium at both harvests during both the years of study.

Effect of manure and plant spacing on crop growth, yield and oil-quality of Curcuma aromatica Salisb. in mid hill of western Himalaya

This research trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of planting pattern and fertilizer doses on Water-use-Efficiency of spring planted Mungbean (Vigna radiata L.) on sandy loam soil under arid conditions at Main Line Lower Land Reclamation and Research Station, Bhakkar during spring season 2018. The trial was laid out in RCB design with split plot arrangement having three replications. The main plot consisted of four fertilizer (NPK) doses (30:60:15, 60:120:30, 90:180:45, 120:240:60kg ha-1) while the sub plot consisted of six planting patterns viz., 30, 45 & 60 cm (straight sowing) and 30, 45 & 60 cm cross sowing by applying half seed in horizontal direction and remaining half seed in perpendicular direction on sandy loam soil. Two irrigations were applied in a measured amount by the Cut throat flume during the whole life period of crop. Data was collected on number of plants (m-1), plant height, number of branches (plant-1), number of fruit bearing branches (plant-1), number of pods (plant-1), number of grains (pod-1), 1000-grain weight, biological, straw and grain yield. Almost all parameters were significantly affected by fertilizer doses, planting patterns and their interactions as well, except number of fruit bearing branches, number of grains (pod-1) and 1000-grain weight. Statistical analysis of data revealed that maximum grain yield (3180 kg ha-1) with net return Rs.157,312 and BCR 2.61 of spring planted mung bean was obtained by applying fertilizer before sowing @ 60:120:30 kg NPK ha-1 and sowing crop in first week of March in 60 cm apart cross lines by applying half seed in horizontal direction and remaining half seed in perpendicular direction on sandy loam soil under arid conditions.

A field experiment was conducted at the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Technology teaching and research farm during 2022 cropping season, to investigate the effect of spacing and planting time on the growth, yield and yield components of mustard in Unwana agro-ecology of Southeastern Nigeria. Two (2) planting time and six (6) plant spacings were evaluated in a split-plot fitted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three (3) replications. The factor A was time of planting (March and August), which occupied the main plot while factor B which was plant spacing (20x15cm, 30x15cm, 40x15cm, 50x15cm, 60x15cm and 70x15cm) occupied the sub-plots. Data were collected on plant height, leaf number, total yield, straw yield, oil yield and oil content at harvest. Result obtained showed that the growth, yield and yield components of mustard were significantly (P˂0.05) improved by time of planting and plant spacing used. March time of planting increased seed yield and yield components seed yield (102.90gha-1), straw yield (25.97gha-1), oil yield (654.10kg/ha), and oil content (41.56%) than August planting time (39.40gha-1, 20.93gha-1, 477.50kg/ha and 39.02% seed yield, straw yield, oil yield and oil content, respectively. On the other hand, result revealed that the plot planted with 20x15 plant spacing significantly increased the plant height and leaf number (18.98cm and 16.62) at 4WAP, respectively with the corresponding total yield (103.20gha-1) than other plant spacing used. The result showed that it was more productive to grow mustard at closer spacing (20x15cm) as depicted by the yield and yield components advantages.

Vegetation slope protection has been widely utilized as an eco-friendly approach for slope stability. Up to now, research on the slope protection effect of shrubs and herbaceous vegetation is more than those of trees, which can be attributed to the challenge of evaluating the slope protection effect of tree root systems that can be influenced by many factors, such as root morphology, root volume, plant spacing, and planting patterns. Therefore, this study takes tap-like tree root systems as the research object, constructs the corresponding root-soil composite model by using 3D printing technology, and carries out a series of physical model experiments on slopes supported by tap-like tree root systems, examining the anti-sliding force, slope surface displacement, sliding range, and slope cracks throughout the entire process of deformation and the damage to shallow slopes, to finally evaluate the effectiveness in the slope protection effect of tree root systems from multiple perspectives. The results indicate that: (1) the peak anti-sliding force of the slope supported by tree root systems correlates positively with the root volume and negatively with plant spacing generally, and the influence of tree plant spacing on the peak anti-sliding force is weaker than that of the root volume; (2) the displacement of slopes supported by tree root systems in the square planting pattern is generally less than that in the staggered planting pattern, and the displacement of slopes has a negative correlation with the root volume and a positive correlation with the plant spacing; (3) the sliding range of the slope supported by tree root systems is significantly reduced compared with that of the unsupported slope, and the tree root system can prevent the occurrence of slope surface cracks to a certain extent, which makes the sliding-body show better integrity. The above understanding enriches the study on the slope protection effect of the tree root system, reveals the influence of the tree root volume, plant spacing, and planting pattern (square distribution and staggered distribution) of the tap-like tree root system, and offers some guidance for the engineering application of tree slope protection in practice.

Study on Indigofera arrecta has not been explored widely yet. Therefore, its growth characteristicand its nutritive value need to be studied. The research was conducted to evaluate growth characteristicand its nutritive value of Indigofera arrecta planted on different planting spaces and different levels ofNPK fertilizer dose. Two factors experiments were assigned in a Split-Plot Design. The first factor (A)was planting space, (1) 50x50 cm and (2) 75x75 cm. The Second factor (B) was level of fertilizer dose,(1) 0 kg P2O5/ha+100kg K2O/ha, (2) 100kg P2O5/ha +100kg K2O kg/ha and (3) 200kg P2O5+100kgK2O/ha. The results showed that planting space had no effect on height of plant (P>0.05) but diameter ofstem were statistically different (P 0.05) on either planting space or P fertilizer dose. There were no interactionbetween planting space and P fertilizer dose. In addition, there were no effects either planting space or Pfertilizer dose on dry matter edible part, crude protein content, and plant height. Indigofera arrectaplanted on wider planting space produce bigger stem diameter and bigger number of branch.

In order to study the effects of intra and inter-row spaces and planting pattern on the yield components, seed and oil yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), a field experiment was conducted as split-split plot based on randomized block design with three replications during 2009-2010 at the Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. Two levels of inter-row space (1 and 2 m), two levels of intra-row space (20 and 40 cm) and two planting patterns (one and two ways) were allocated to main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. The results indicated that the effect of inter-row space on number of seeds per ha-1 was significant (p<0.05). The number of fruits and seeds per ha-1, seed and oil yield and oil percent were significantly (p<0.05) affected by intra-row space. The effect of planting pattern was significant (p<0.05) on the number of fruits per ha-1, seed and oil yield and oil. The interaction effect between inter and intra-row spaces were significant on the number of fruits and seeds per ha-1 and oil percent of pumpkin. The interaction effects between intra-row space and planting pattern on the number of fruits per ha-1 and oil percent in squash was significant. With increasing intra-row space, the seed yield decreased (from 697kg h-l to 631kg h-l). The highest and the lowest amounts of seed yield were observed in two and one way with 715 and 613 kg.ha-l, respectively. The positive significant correlation between the fruits per ha-1 and seeds and oil yield and seed yield and oil yield were observed. It seems that the arrangement of row space increased the fruit number and seed and oil yields of pumpkin due to decreasing of its vegetative growth.

Effects of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quality/quantity of oil in thyme, Thymus vulgaris L.

Quality Attributes of Broccoli – F1 as Affected by Different Planting Dates, Nutrient Levels and Spacings under Cold Arid Conditions of Ladakh (India) The experiment was carried out at High Mountain Arid Agricultural Research Institute (HMAARI) Leh of SKUAST-Kashmir during Kharif 2014 and Kharif 2015 to assess the effect of different planting dates, fertilizer doses and spacings on head quality attributes of F1 broccoli ‘Fiesta’ under cold arid Ladakh conditions. The experiment was laid out in split plot design containing one main factor (planting dates i.e., 5th April, 16th April, 27th April) and two sub-factors (fertilizer doses viz., 60:80:40 kg/ha, 80:100:60 kg/ha, 100:120:80 kg/ha NPK and spacings viz., 60×45 cm, 45×45 cm and 60×30 cm) forming a total of 27 treatments each with three replications. Chlorophyll, total carotenoids and protein recorded significantly highest values in D1 F3 S1 (5th April, 100:120:80 kg/ha, 60×45 cm) while moisture content recorded highest in D2 F3 S1 (16th April, 100:120:80 kg/ha, 60×45 cm). TSS was significantly highest in D3 F3 S1 (27th April, 100:120:80 kg/ha, 60×45 cm) while vitamin C recorded maximum in D2 F1 S3 (16th April, 80:60:40 kg/ha, 60×30 cm)...

A field experiment was carried out in the fall season of 2023 at Agricultural Research Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk, with the aim of determine the best hybrids, plant space, and planting pattern to obtain highest grain yield for maize. The experiment was applied by using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the split-plot design, with three replications. Plant space (15,20,25, and 30) and their symbol is (D1, D2, D3, and D4), respectively. Planting pattern (Single row 25x50cm and double row 30x50cm) and their symbol is (P1 and P2) respectively, and hybrids (DKC6050 and DKC6777) and their symbol are (G1 and G2) respectively. The results showed that the G2 hybrid was superior in all traits to G1 hybrid. Plant space D4 was superior in terms of traits (number of rows ear-1, number of grain row-1, number of grain ear-1, and weight of 500 grain), While plant yield was superior to plant space D1 and reached (9.24 ton ha-1). The twin row pattern was superior in all traits to the single row pattern. In the two-factor interaction (G2xD4) excelled in the traits of (number of row ear-1, number of grain row-1, number of grain ear-1, and weight of 500 grain), while the interaction (G1xD1 and G2xD1) excelled in the trait of total grain yield by rchorded (9.23 and 9.24 ton ha-1), the interaction (G2xP1) excelled in all trait. As for the triple interaction (G2xD4xP2) were superior in the traits of (number of row ear-1, number of grain row-1, number of grain ear-1, and weight of 500 grain) while the interaction G1xD1xP2 and G2xD1xP2 were superior in the characteristics of total grain yield (10.49 and 9.53 ton ha-1).

A long-term breeding program of cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cajuputi) in Indonesia has aimed to increase oil productivity and quality through imposing selection for oil yield and 1,8-cineole content. This study examined the realized genetic gain for the two key variables of oil yield, oil concentration and leaf biomass. Data were collected from a trial based on seeds collected from two unimproved, and two improved sources with selection intensities (IS) of 1.1 (10% of trees selected) and > 2.5 (<1% of trees selected). The trial was laid-out in a randomized complete block design with five replications. It was measured at 10 years of age. The leaf oil concentration of the IS >2.5 seed source was significantly higher than for the other sources; a realized genetic gain ranging from 14% to 31%. However, although not significant, this seed source had the lowest leaf biomass. The correlation between gains in oil concentration and leaf biomass was weak and not significant (r = 0.15); while the correlation between oil yield and leaf biomass was very strong and highly significant (r = 0.96). These results highlight the importance of carefully incorporating leaf biomass as a selection criterion in cajuput breeding programs aimed at increasing oil yield.

Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L) is a kind of plant producing essential oil. The cultivation does not require special requirements, can be grown on less fertile soil, and able to rehabilitate degraded and critical lands. In this study, 5 levels of drying duration (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 days) were observed for their effect on the yield of citronella oil grown at 3 critical levels of land (quite critical, critical, and very critical). The experiment was designed in a completely randomized block design with 3 replications. The distillation of whole citronella leaves was carried out for 4 hours using steam distillation method. The result showed that the air drying significantly affected the yield of citronella oil. An increase in drying duration decreased the yield of oil in a linear trend. The highest yield of oil was produced from fresh raw material (0 days drying duration). The decrease of the oil yield due to the increase of drying duration at three levels of critical land (quite critical, critical, and very critical) followed the equation Y1 = - 0.024x + 0.711; Y2 = -0.017x + 0.704; and Y3 = -0.012x + 0.704 (for y = yield [%] and x = drying duration [day]).

Field trail was conducted at the Research Farm of Cotton Section, Department of Genetics &amp; Plant Breeding, CCS HAU, Hisar (Lat 29ᵒ 10' N, Long 75ᵒ 46' E and 215.2 m msl) during Kharif season of 2015. The experiment was conducted in split-split plot design with three replications. Three varieties viz. V1=RCH 602, V2=RCH 650 and V3=Bunty were kept in main plots while three spacing viz. S1=67.5 cm × 45 cm, S2=67.5 cm × 60 cm and S3=67.5 cm × 75 cm with three fertilizer levels i.e. F1=RDF, F2=125 % of RDF and F3=150 % of RDF application of the recommended dose were kept in subplots. Recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) was N:P:K=175:60:60 kg ha-1. Optical characteristics, thermal use efficiency (TUE) were computed along with yield and yield attributes were also studied. V1 (86.6 %), S3 (84.8 %) and F3 (85.1 %) absorbed maximum PAR among all the cv., plant spacing and fertilizer levels. TUE was found higher in the V1 (0.35 g/m²/℃ day), S3 (0.34 g/m²/℃ day) and F3 (0.29 g/m²/℃ day) among all the cv., plant spacing and fertilizer levels. Number of bolls plant-1 were found higher in V1 (21.0), S3 (14.7) and F3 (16.0) among all the cv., plant spacing and fertilizer levels. Among all the cv., plant spacing and fertilizer levels boll weight (g) were found higher in V2 (3.89 g), S2 (3.66 g) and F2 (3.62 g). Sympodial branches plant-1 at harvest were found highest in V1 (23.7), S1 (21.0) and F1 (21.4) among all the cv., plant spacing and fertilizer levels. In seed cotton yield V1 (1248.7 kg ha-1), S3 (1120.7 kg ha-1) and F2 (1094.3 kg ha-1) have the maximum yield as compare to other cv., plant spacing and fertilizer levels.

Through the agroforestry farming system, which is able to overcome food problems due to land use change for communities or farmers living in areas around the forest, KPH Yogyakarta provides space for the community to be involved in KPH land management by allocating land to be managed together. The purpose of this study was to determine the same types of plants in the dry season and rainy season, to determine the planting pattern of agroforestry, and to determine the income of the community from agroforestry land. This research was conducted at KPH Yogyakarta and communal forest in Sriharjo Bantul village. The method is purposive sampling which has primary data by structure and composition of vegetation then use SEXI FS program and questionnaires in interviews and secondary data. The research was conducted in February-March 2023. The results showed that three types of crops in RPH Kepek and Pengkol, Bantul. The pattern of agroforestry land in KPH Yogyakarta (RPH Kepek) is alley cropping while the planting pattern in Pengkol, Bantul is random mixture. The income of RPH Kepek’s farmer is Rp 135,046, 729 with a total 10.7 ha and in Pengkol Bantul is Rp 2,382.22 with a total 1.35 ha area.