Burns and the Scottish folk-song

The present study aims at identifying and interpreting the role that the horse plays in folk poetry. More specifically, we extracted the material of folklore from the answers provided by village intellectuals starting in 1922, when the first survey was issued by The Romanian Language Museum. We had in mind the answers to question number 138: „What do people believe about the horse? What role does it play in legends, carols, disenchantments?”. We also analysed the significance this animal has in poetic imagery.

This article explores the cultural and educational potential of the works of Kyrgyz akyns-writers such as Moldo Kylych, Togolok Moldo, Moldo Niyaz, and Nurmoldo in the context of educational activities. It examines the impact of their literary heritage on fostering moral and aesthetic values among young people, developing critical thinking, and preserving national identity. The works of these akyns, rich in philosophical and ethical themes, can be effectively integrated into the educational process to cultivate in students a conscious approach to issues of good and evil, justice, tolerance, and respect for traditions and culture. The article highlights the significance of the akyns’ literary heritage in shaping cultural and moral values in contemporary society.

이 글은 한국 서원 경관의 상징적 측면에 대한 연구이다. 경관을 사회적 신념이 재현된 형태로 간주해서, 모사가 아니라 해석의 방법으로 그 의미를 이해하고자 한다. 도동서원은 풍수적으로 생기 충만한 국면으로 인식되었으며, 성리학 사상과 김굉필의 정신세계는 4가지 측면에서 도동서원의 경관에 재현되었다고 해석된다. 즉성리학의 수양 담론 경(敬)은 추월조한수의 전망 경관, 정제엄숙의 건축 경관, 중정인의와 주정의 당호, 경과 의를 나타낸 사당 벽화에서 재현되었다. 이 연구가 제시하는 함축은 2 가지이다. 제향 인물의 정신세계와 한국의 자연 지리가 성리학의 담론을 서원 경관에 재현하고 자연화 하는데 주요한 역할을 하였으며, 성리학의 담론-제향 인물의 정신세계-재현 경관의 삼위일체적 결합이 한국 서원의 특성을 만들었다는 점이다.This article is a study on the symbolic aspects of seowon landscape in Korea. The landscape is regarded as a representation of social beliefs, so it is not a copy but interpreted by hermeneutics. Dodong Seowon was recognized as a live and full of vital energy from the point of pungsu. The Neo-Confucian thought and Kim Goengpil’s spiritual world were represented in Dodong Seowon’s landscape such as the reverence (jing), mind cultivation discourse of Neo Confucianism in ‘the bright moon reflected on the cool river’; refined and solemn appearance in the architectural landscape; moral principles in the front plate of house; Reverence and justice of Kim Goeng-pil’s spiritual world in the mural paintings of shrine. The implications of this study are two kinds. The spiritual world ofthe sage of the seowon and the natural geography of Korea played major roles in representing and naturalizing the discourse of Neo-Confucianism in seowon landscape, And the trinitarian unity of these three aspects made the character of Korean seowon.

Problem of civil-military relations (CMR) in Ukraine in itself appears universal, but is indeed specific in its nature as it is in any other country. Taking into account own historical experience, the country saw the necessity of improvement of civil-military relations in accordance with the world standards. The article presents civil- military relations as a matter of the proper political science conception, emphasizing that they are the special type of socio-political activity, which main task is the defense of a country. In the conditions of democratic state building, the main mechanism of realization of the proper relations is democratic civil control. Originality, CMR in Ukraine is formed by common mankind moral values, necessity of collegiality of Ukraine, explicit certain orienteers of national spiritual freedom, of independence of people, by orthodox mentality. With the specialty of the Ukrainian life, victories and sufferings of people, by a fight for independence, by relations with other people, the basic problems of CMR, questions of military history, are mutually connected. The phenomenon of CMR in Ukraine comes forward as the phenomenon of culture of society, expression of public consciousness, mass world view, is determined as an integral national-culture, political-social historical process with the stages of independent, original development: 1.Archaic period which is characterized by natural, elemental-folk creation of communal and individual forms of bellicosity with its connection with defense of community, with magic and earth in the days of Kievan Rus. 2. Period of forming and grandeur of princely military institution with its support by a church in the days of Kievan Rus, when friendly, sympathizing, and benevolent attitude toward an army purchased the type of public moral-ideological imperative. 3. Social self-defense and self-preservation in the days of Lithuanian-Polish occupation, when social, ethnic, national and orthodox self-determination of Ukrainians showed up. 4. Period of Cossacks bellicosity and self-rescue of Ukrainian nation, whose ideological basis was the orthodox religion. 5. Period of imperial guardianship of civil-military relations on Levobereankness and Slobozhanschina in ХVІІ – ХVІІІ centuries. 6. Period of dominations of general CMR of the Russian empire (an end of ХVІІІ is beginning of XX age). 7. Period of struggle for liberation in the first half of XX century on western territories and Pravoberezh'e of Ukraine, which was based on the idea of national folk self-defense and non-acceptance of intervention from other powers in the life of people. 8. Period of dominations of the soviet forms of CMR in Soviet Ukraine. 9. Period of formation and development in the new independent, democratic Ukraine. Exactly these approaches allow to elaborate the conceptual model of civil-military relations in Ukraine, to see their traditional character, heredity, specific features of their formation, related to the historical factors and specialty of the Ukrainian people, to specify the democratic civil control as a mechanism of realization of such relations in the conditions of democratic state building in Ukraine.

The Light and its Disappearance in the Darkness; The chapter begins with the question of what can be found in the integration of architecture and cinema and continues exploring light in the context of cinematic architecture theory. This is followed by a discussion of the illusions of light that emerge in spaces where cinema and architecture meet. The thought then reaches Paul Virilio's conception of the aesthetics of architecture as a metaphor for cinema from the experience of space, the image of disappearance. It suggested I make a film work, 'Hiroshima Through Light', in the AA. The Experimentation in the AA Diploma Unit 3; This chapter describes the exploration of cinematic architecture under the tutelage of Pascal Schöning, a unit master of the AA, which includes philosophy, aesthetics, and challenges to urban and social issues, along with his unique methodology. He explains to his former students the importance of a more philosophical approach to the notion at the end of Diploma Unit 3. That is when I see Juhani Pallasmaa's description of the need for architects to look at people's daily lives and society through a phenomenological approach, like filmmakers. My awareness moves on to a study of the architects depicted by filmmakers. Image of Architects Depicted in Film; The images of architects in the films of Michelangelo Antonioni, Terrence Malick and Hirokazu Kore-eda are discussed. It indicates that they are entrusted with a role of building human relationships. Cinématic Architecture Tokyo; This chapter outlines activities in Japan that are being rolled out in the form of workshops, lectures and exhibitions to develop the theory of cinematic architecture. The theme of the workshops held in the Hokuriku region was the revitalisation of declining local urban communities, which is also related to the previous chapter on “building human relationships”. This year, the projection attempted to embody poetic images to illuminate memories that are being lost. Conclusion; In addition to reflecting on essential elements such as the aesthetics of disappearing light, memory, history, poetic imagery, narrative and social issues, adding a focus on the significance of communication design, fields of sense and spatial quality, could bring new perspectives to the integration of architecture.

Bu çalışmada farklı coğrafyalarda ve farklı zamanlarda yaşamış olan iki halk âşığının iptida redifi ile yazmış oldukları şiirleri incelenerek mukayese edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Şiirlerini genellikle dörtlüklerle ve hece ölçüsü ile yazan Seyrânî bu şiirini aruz vezni ile beyit şeklinde gazel türünde yazmıştır. Zaman zaman Bektaşilikle olan bağlantısı da dile getirilen Seyrânî, bu gazelinde Hz. Muhammet’ten bahsetmekte ve ona övgüler dile getirmektedir. Âşık Şenlik ise dîvânî türünde yazmış olduğu şiirini dörtlüklerle yazmış ve hece ölçüsünü kullanmıştır. Sünni gelenekten gelen ve yaşamında bu hassasiyeti ile öne çıkan Âşık Şenlik ise bu şiirinde Hz. Ali’den bahsetmekte ve ona övgüler dizmektedir. “Bir işe başlamak, başlangıç” anlamlarına gelen iptida kelimesi hem halk şiirinde hem de divan şiirinde zaman zaman redif olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu iki şiirde de âşıklar kendi şiirlerinde iptida redifini kullanarak Hz. Muhammet’i ve Hz. Ali’yi başlangıca koymakta, onların bir şeylerin başlangıcı olduklarını ifade etmektedirler. Bu şiirlerin içeriği ve şekli, âşıkların ruh ve zihin dünyalarını yansıtması ve sanat anlayışlarını göstermesi açısısndan önemlidir.

Traditional poetry at the Sikka krowe ethnic wedding ceremony is a traditional culture that contains moral values that are in accordance with people's lives. The traditional wedding ceremony is sacred and has religious value in people's lives. The poetry of the traditional wedding ceremony is symbolised by traditional poems as advice in the ceremony. Traditional poems contain moral, cultural, and belief values. The purpose of this study is to describe the meaning and function of traditional wedding poems of Sikka krowe ethnicity in Waiara, Wairbleler Village, Waigete Sub-district, Sikka Regency. The approach used is descriptive qualitative. Descriptive qualitative is an approach that aims to collect data in the form of words and images in the field by means of observation, interviews and documentation. The result of this research is that the poem has meaning, namely the meaning of intention, the meaning of prohibition, and the meaning of poetic loyalty and has an important function in people's lives, both in social, cultural, educational and spiritual.

The article explores the use of images in Christian educational tradition. It deals with the attitudes towards fine arts that has been hitherto thematized mainly within philo-sophical discourse. In this paper we shall avoid theological debates on images in religion and focus on neutral images that were not used in ritual practices. The author shows that in ancient pedagogical thought the importance of artistic and poetic imagery was highly praised and they were believed to be superior in quality and ontological value to images. The works of fine arts were considered as agents of knowledge suitable to educate common-ers. Representation in general played an important role in Hellenistic society and culture. However, since education was elitist, visualization received no special place of its own in ped-agogy. The perception of the visual arts in Christianity and Judaism was based on the same principles of using images that had previously been used in Hellenistic culture, by adapting them to the cult and mindset of their religions. The walls of synagogues, houses of Christian meetings, catacombs, churches, etc. were painted with frescoes and decorated with mosa-ics. Small visual forms and illustrated codices were quite important. Analysis of the visual heritage confirms its connection with religious education. Christian adoption of fine arts also developed the ancient thought on artworks as agents of knowledge. Christian authors applied to images those concepts that previously concerned only poetry. Ideas on the psycho- emotional impact of images were often expressed. Latin authors, fully aware of these ideas, accentuated the use of images as a means of educating the illiterate. Being involved in teach-ing commoners, they made important observations about the educational use of images. In particular they emphasized that the agency of images was restricted: pictures required expla-nation and could even be misleading.

The qualitative study aims at presenting the results of figurative languages and moral interpretations of A Million Dreams songs. From the analysis, it was indicated that there were eleven types of fig-urative languages and two moral values interpreted from the song. The details of figurative language analysis are 13 imageries (20,6%), 4 personifications (6,3%), 2 paradoxes (3,7%), 14 symbols (22,22%), 6 idioms (9,52%), 9 hyperboles (14,28%), 8 repetitions (12,69%), 1 simile (1,58%), 1 met-aphor (1,58%), 1 assonance (1,58%), and 6 consonances (9,52%). Meanwhile, the moral values were about (1) it was important for young people to have visions for a better future lives; and (2) having companions who could be a place for sharing was valuable. In short, as being comprehended that figurative languages and moral values are two educative elements in songs, the researcher expected that the results of this study would bring significances to the target readers.

Education in Indonesia has a character based on Pancasila. Each aspect of the character is based on the five precepts contained in Pancasila. This is considered very important for the Indonesian people because it can fortify themselves from various life phenomena that are not in accordance with values and morals. In the life of the Indonesian people must refer to Pancasila, and the existing moral values. This topic was chosen because considering the times, with globalization, moral values and Pancasila are increasingly being eroded by the times, so there is a need for education to the younger generation related to moral values and Pancasila. This service method is carried out in several stages, including the preparation stage and the stage of service implementation. The result of this service is that students know the moral and Pancasila values and how they are applied in everyday life. The purpose of this activity is to provide counseling or socialization to educate the students of SDN 005 Koto Damai about how to apply moral values and Pancasila values in everyday life.

This article will discuss about oral tradition in some areas in South Sumatra.The main problem in this study is how to make oral tradition as a source of data from relevant and valid historical studies.Oral tradition is one of the most valuable cultural heritages owned by Indonesian people.Indonesian people constitute an integrative and cultural institution among society through oral tradition because they have strong memory in preserving something related oral traditions.Meanwhile, other nations commonly preserve in written inheritance.Lack of written resources to explore the historical culture and various forms of cultural expression make it difficult for people to write about history especially in the sphere of locality.However, to explore the emerging field of oral tradition and various forms of cultural expression in the study shaped by education as well by the writing of history can also come from several oral traditions, of course with some criteria so that the data can be obtained more academically.South Sumatra has wealth of oral traditions, such as Guritan (folk poetry) from Lahat Regency and surrounding areas, Senjang from MusiBanyuasin Regency, Tembang Batanghari Sembilan (folksongs) from Muara Enim Regency, Poetry from Palembang, and some folklore, and many others.Oral tradition contains moral values, customs, religious teachings, arts, history, and so on.However, could it be appreciated as credible historical information and recognized as an alternative tool and technique to document and interpret the past history and culture tradition in South Sumatra?This article seeks to explore the other side of oral tradition especially in South Sumatra, so it can be used as relevant source and useful in learning history.This study used qualitative research with the ethnographic approach related to previewing studies about oral tradition.

The article deals with the study of the transformation of literary consciousness in creativity. The situation of the emergence of new forms of figurative thinking in artistic discourse is considered based on the example of works of modern Kazakh literature. The mental operations carried out in the course of the creative process are studied in the framework of cognitive analysis. In philosophical science, one of the most important research areas for understanding the essence of human existence is the theory of consciousness. Human consciousness in the XXI century is going through the process of adaptation to a new era under the influence of various social, cultural, historical factors. In particular, the impact of information technology on human reality, worldview, and outlook is especially important. The active introduction of intensively developing technologies into human life has made significant changes in his spiritual world. The actions of a modern person, such as behavior, thinking, speech, are closely connected with digital technologies, and this phenomenon indicates that humanity has entered a new formation. The observation of such spiritual phenomena in literary creativity is quite natural. In this regard, the article includes the attempts to justify the relevance of studying the issues of the theory of consciousness in the field of literary criticism. Contemporary artistic thought and narrative system of literature are distinguished by the technogenic character of the author's consciousness. The article was prepared according to the project AP09259694 «Modern literary studies and cognitive paradigm».

Divination is a pivotal aspect of African Traditional Religion (ATR). In African indigenous cosmologies and spiritual systems, divination is the means through which the Divine to speak with humans, offering insight, guidance, and solutions to community and individual. This communicative role is what is referred to as prophetic role of divination. Divination also performs diagnostic and therapeutic role, aiming to identify the hidden causes of tragedies, illnesses, and social strife and proposing solutions. Oracles, spirit possession, and symbolic items help diviners communicate with the spiritual world. Divination is examined as a religious activity, epistemic framework, and moral compass in African world view. It emphasizes its responsibilities in justice, leadership, health, and ethics, highlighting its relevance in current African spiritual life and its similarities to prophetic traditions in global religion. This research adapts a qualitative methodology, using ethnographic fieldwork, practitioner and community interviews, and historical text analysis for its data analysis. Kleinhempel's African Indigenous Knowledge Systems (AIKS) and Mezirow's Transformational Theory underpin this work. These theories suggest that divination as a cultural epistemology bridges the spiritual and physical. Findings reveals that divination rituals are rites of passage, helping people through personal crises and self-discovery. Diviners also mediate conflicts and promote community harmony. The study recommends that diviners and modern medicine should collaborate to provide holistic care.

The article highlights the actual problem of spiritual and moral aspects of professional socialization of modern student youth, and in particular psychology students. The concepts of professional socialization, morality, spirituality are analyzed. The materialistic and religious points of view in understanding spirituality are considered.
 It was found that student youth is in the most intensive phase of socialization, which is associated with studying at a higher educational institution, and the important factors of professional socialization of students are the motivation and moral orientation of the individual, professional worldview, the values of professional activities of specialists and the system of value orientations. A theoretical analysis of the literature has shown that value orientations are a spiritual phenomenon, the essential basis of a person, a mechanism for self-organization of her spiritual world, and a person's moral self-determination is closely related to the level of his spiritual development. The connection of universal human moral values with personal and professional is the driving force behind the development of a specialist, and the conscious development of value orientations in students and the purposeful formation of spiritual and moral values in them are necessary for their successful professional socialization.
 The profession of a psychologist requires increased attention to the moral side of the functions performed, since his professional activity is directly related to interaction with people, influence on their inner world. Therefore, the ethics of his work is based on universal human moral values. In the professional activity of a psychologist, the main ones are the ideals of the free and all-round development of the personality and its respect, the rapprochement of people and a pronounced orientation towards the value of another person. Therefore, spiritual and moral development is a priority in the process of professional socialization of psychology students, during which special attention should be paid to the formation of the moral self-concept of personality, virtues, empathy, self-esteem and the assimilation of moral values of the professional activity of psychologists, taking into account their ethical code.

ВІДТВОРЕННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО НАЦІОНАЛЬНОГО ХАРАКТЕРУ Й ФОРМ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ ДЕРЖАВНОСТІ В ТВОРЧОСТІ М.В. ГОГОЛЯ