Burden of haematological malignancies among children, adolescents and young adults: Global and high-income region insights from the GBD 2021 study.

Global Disease Burden From Acute Glomerulonephritis 1990–2019

To estimate the burden of disease of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in Brazil in 2014, 1year before the Zika virus epidemic, and in 2015 and 2016 during the epidemic. The burden of disease of GBS was estimated using the summary measure of population health: Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), that combines both mortality (Years of Life Lost YLLs) and morbidity (Years Lived with Disability) components. The study population was composed of GBS hospitalised cases and deaths from the information systems of the Brazilian Unified Health System. The GBS incidence rate in 2014, 2015 and 2016 was 0.74, 0.96, 1.02/100000 respectively, and the mortality rate in the same period was 0.08, 0.009 and 0.11/100000 habitants. The DALYs calculated using the point estimate of GBS disability weight and its values of the confidence interval (0.198 and 0.414) were 5725.90 (5711.79-5742.89) in 2014, 6054.61 (6035.57-6077.54) in 2015 and 7588.49 (7570.20-7610.51) in 2016. The DALYs were high among the male population and in age groups between 20 and 50years. The increase in DALYs in the years 2015 and 2016 compared to 2014 probably resulted from the introduction of ZIKV in Brazil, reinforcing the importance of investments in the prevention of ZIKV infection and in the care of GBS patients.

Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease, with approximately 200,000 new cases reported worldwide every year. Although there are numerous studies on the epidemiology of leprosy, the age, period, and cohort effects remain poorly understood. We present an overview of trends in leprosy incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years worldwide from 1990 to 2019 and associations with age, period, and birth cohort. Data for analysis were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. We described incident case, prevalent case, age-standardised incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years rates of leprosy from 1990 to 2019. Subsequently, we calculated overall annual percentage changes, annual percentage changes, and the relative risks of period and cohort using an age-period-cohort model. From 1990 to 2019, the global age-standardized incidence rate of leprosy decreased from 1.48 per 100,000 to 0.65 per 100,000. Additionally, countries with low Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) demonstrated higher age-standardised incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years rate. The age-standardised incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years rate were significantly higher in males compared to females. Furthermore, the impact of age on leprosy increased with age, peaking at 25-35 years, with the highest prevalence rates observed in the 35-40 age group. Notably, the peak age of leprosy onset increases with SDI. Both the period and cohort effects on leprosy incidence and prevalence showed decreasing trend in middle SDI, low-middle SDI and low SDI countries in recent 30 years and birth cohort later than 1905. However, unfavorable period and cohort effects were noted in high SDI regions. Leprosy incidence, prevalence and disability-adjusted life years have significantly decreased globally, but remain high in areas with lower SDI. Developing regions should increase public awareness of leprosy risk factors, develop effective control policies to better manage and prevent the disease.

Background: Recent evidence suggests that stroke is increasing as a cause of morbidity and mortality in younger adults, where it carries particular significance for working individuals. Accurate and up-to-date estimates of stroke burden are important for planning stroke prevention and management in younger adults. Objectives: This study aims to estimate prevalence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and their trends for total, ischemic stroke (IS) and hemorrhagic stroke (HS) in the world for 1990-2013 in adults aged 20-64 years. Methodology: Stroke prevalence, mortality and DALYs were estimated using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2013 methods. All available data on rates of stroke incidence, excess mortality, prevalence and death were collected. Statistical models were used along with country-level covariates to estimate country-specific stroke burden. Stroke-specific disability weights were used to compute years lived with disability and DALYs. Means and 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for prevalence, mortality and DALYs. The median of the percent change and 95% UI were determined for the period from 1990 to 2013. Results: In 2013, in younger adults aged 20-64 years, the global prevalence of HS was 3,725,085 cases (95% UI 3,548,098-3,871,018) and IS was 7,258,216 cases (95% UI 6,996,272-7,569,403). Globally, between 1990 and 2013, there were significant increases in absolute numbers and prevalence rates of both HS and IS for younger adults. There were 1,483,707 (95% UI 1,340,579-1,658,929) stroke deaths globally among younger adults but the number of deaths from HS (1,047,735 (95% UI 945,087-1,184,192)) was significantly higher than the number of deaths from IS (435,972 (95% UI 354,018-504,656)). There was a 20.1% (95% UI -23.6 to -10.3) decline in the number of total stroke deaths among younger adults in developed countries but a 36.7% (95% UI 26.3-48.5) increase in developing countries. Death rates for all strokes among younger adults declined significantly in developing countries from 47 (95% UI 42.6-51.7) in 1990 to 39 (95% UI 35.0-43.8) in 2013. Death rates for all strokes among younger adults also declined significantly in developed countries from 33.3 (95% UI 29.8-37.0) in 1990 to 23.5 (95% UI 21.1-26.9) in 2013. A significant decrease in HS death rates for younger adults was seen only in developed countries between 1990 and 2013 (19.8 (95% UI 16.9-22.6) and 13.7 (95% UI 12.1-15.9)) per 100,000). No significant change was detected in IS death rates among younger adults. The total DALYs from all strokes in those aged 20-64 years was 51,429,440 (95% UI 46,561,382-57,320,085). Globally, there was a 24.4% (95% UI 16.6-33.8) increase in total DALY numbers for this age group, with a 20% (95% UI 11.7-31.1) and 37.3% (95% UI 23.4-52.2) increase in HS and IS numbers, respectively. Conclusions: Between 1990 and 2013, there were significant increases in prevalent cases, total deaths and DALYs due to HS and IS in younger adults aged 20-64 years. Death and DALY rates declined in both developed and developing countries but a significant increase in absolute numbers of stroke deaths among younger adults was detected in developing countries. Most of the burden of stroke was in developing countries. In 2013, the greatest burden of stroke among younger adults was due to HS. While the trends in declining death and DALY rates in developing countries are encouraging, these regions still fall far behind those of developed regions of the world. A more aggressive approach toward primary prevention and increased access to adequate healthcare services for stroke is required to substantially narrow these disparities.

In the context of the population growing and aging worldwide, the incidence of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease increased rapidly. This study aimed to describe the burden of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease, providing an up-to-date and comprehensive analysis on the global and regional levels and time trends from 1900 to 2019. The Global Burden of Disease 2019 was used to obtain data for this analysis. Non-rheumatic valvular heart disease in the Global Burden of Disease study includes both non-rheumatic calcific aortic valve disease and non-rheumatic degenerative mitral valve disease. The incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life year in 204 countries from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed by location, year, sex, age, and socio-demographic index. Estimated annual percentage change was calculated to represent the temporal trends from 1990 to 2019. Spearman's rank order correlation was used to determine the correlation between socio-demographic index and the incidence and burden of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease. Globally, there were 1.65 million (95% uncertainty interval, 1.56-1.76 million) incident cases, 0.16 million (95% uncertainty interval, 0.14-0.18 million) death cases, and 2.79 million (95% uncertainty interval, 2.52-3.31 million) disability-adjusted life years of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease. Compared with 1990, the number of incident cases, death cases, and disability-adjusted life years in 2019 increased by 104.58%, 210.60%, and 167.62%, respectively, the age-standardized incidence rate (estimated annual percentage change, 0.39; 95% confidence interval, 0.29 to 0.49) increased due to population growth, and the age-standardized death rates (estimated annual percentage change, -0.32; 95% confidence interval, -0.39 to -0.25) and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate (estimated annual percentage change, -0.81; 95% confidence interval, -0.87 to -0.74) decreased during this period. Regarding the socio-demographic index, the highest age-standardized incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life year rates of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease were found in high-socio-demographic index countries in 2019. Meantime, the age-standardized incidence rate remained increased from 1990 to 2019, while significant decreases were found in the age-standardized death rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate. Females have higher age-standardized incidence rate, while higher age-standardized death rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate belong to males globally during the period of 1990-2019. Increasing trends were observed for both incidence, death, and disability-adjusted life year rates with age. High systolic blood pressure was the leading cause for non-rheumatic valvular heart disease across all ages. From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease remained increased, while age-standardized death rate and age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate decreased, resulting from the growing population worldwide and improving medical resources. The aged, who has high systolic blood pressure and diet high in sodium, should pay more attention to, especially in high-socio-demographic index regions. With the population aging, the number of patients who require heart valve replacement is estimated to increase significantly in the future. Effective measures are warranted to control and treat the incidence and burden of non-rheumatic valvular heart disease.

e16118 Background: Gastric cancer continues to affect public health worldwide because it causes high death rates and disability numbers. Despite advancements in medical interventions, its burden varies significantly across regions and populations, necessitating a comprehensive analysis of trends in mortality, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD), and disability-adjusted life years (DALY). Methods: We analyzed data from Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database on gastric cancer from 1990 to 2021, utilizing metrics such as age-standardized YLL, YLD, DALY, and deaths. Annual average percentage change (AAPC) was calculated to assess trends in disease burden, using 205 geographic locations. Statistical significance was determined at a p-value threshold of <0.05. Trends were evaluated across sexes and age groups to identify regional and temporal disparities. Results: The global burden of gastric cancer significantly declined from 1990 to 2021. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) dropped from 83,187 to 47,644 (AAPC: -1.86%). High-income regions saw the largest reductions, while low- and middle-income regions experienced slower progress. Eastern Europe and East Asia, with the highest initial DALY rates, showed substantial improvement over time. Years of life lost (YLL) decreased from 82,363 to 47,121 (AAPC: -1.86%), reflecting better early detection and treatment. Eastern Europe and Latin America achieved significant declines, while Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia had slower reductions due to limited healthcare access. Years lived with disability (YLD) declined from 823 to 523 (AAPC: -1.39%), with consistent reductions across all regions. Western Europe and North America reported the lowest YLD rates, benefiting from advanced medical care. Gastric cancer deaths fell from 3,390,804 to 1,997,744 (AAPC: -1.73%). East Asia and Eastern Europe, initially with the highest mortality, saw major declines due to improved screening and early diagnosis. In contrast, reductions in Sub-Saharan Africa were less pronounced, indicating healthcare disparities. Despite progress, the burden remains higher in low-resource regions and among older populations and males. Age-standardized rates showed greater declines in younger groups, linked to reduced Helicobacter pylori exposure. AAPC analysis confirmed reductions across all metrics: DALY (-1.86%), YLL (-1.86%), YLD (-1.39%), and deaths (-1.73%). Persistent regional disparities highlight the need for targeted interventions and equitable healthcare access. Conclusions: Gastric cancer remains a global health challenge despite significant declines in deaths over the past 30 years. Regional disparities highlight the need to prioritize healthcare in low-resource areas and advance affordable prevention and treatment strategies.

BackgroundPancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers in the world. In recent years, the incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer have shown an increasing trend year by year. This study investigates the independent effects of age, period, and cohort on the global incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of pancreatic cancer from 1990 to 2019, and evaluates the differences in the burden of pancreatic cancer across regions with different Sociodemographic Index (SDI) levels.MethodsEstimating the impact of age, period, and cohort on pancreatic cancer disease burden in different SDI regions using age-period-cohort modeling with data (with 95% uncertainty intervals [UI]) from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 and net drift of age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), and age-standardized DALY rates (ASDR) for pancreatic cancer in 120 countries.ResultsThe number of new cases of pancreatic cancer worldwide increased from 197,348 (95% UI: 188,604,203,971) in 1990 to 530,297 (486,175,573,635) in 2019, the number of deaths increased from 198,051 (189,329 to 204,763) in 1990 to 531,107 (491,948 to 566,537) in 2019, and the number of DALY increased from 4,647,207 (4,465,440 to 4,812,129) in 1990 to 11,549,016 (10,777,405 to 1,238,912) in 2019. The ASIR of the average levels in global pancreatic cancer increased from 5.22 (4.97 to 5.40) per 100,000 population to 6.57 (6.00 to 7.09) per 100,000 population, the ASMR increased from 5.34 (5.07 to 5.52) per 100,000 population to 6.62 (6.11 to 7.06) per 100,000 population, and the ASDR increased from 115.47 (110.82 to 119.60) per 100,000 population to 139.61 (130.18 to 149.14) per 100,000 population. The incidence, mortality, and DALY rates of pancreatic cancer increase with age globally and across all SDI regions, peaking in the 85–89 age group. In high and high-middle SDI regions, the growth rate for males is higher than for females before the age of 85, while females have a higher growth rate after 85. The 75–79 age group exhibits the highest DALY rate in high and high-middle SDI regions, significantly higher than the global and other SDI regions. From 1990 to 2019, the period effects of pancreatic cancer incidence, mortality, and DALY rates have increased significantly worldwide, while remaining almost unchanged in high and high-middle SDI regions. In contrast, period effects have significantly increased in middle, low-middle, and low SDI regions. Cohort effects are more pronounced in middle, low-middle, and low SDI regions.ConclusionsWith the aggravation of population aging, the incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer in the world are increasing, and effective prevention and control measures can be achieved by reducing the exposure of risk factors. The APC model used in our analysis provides a novel approach to understanding the complex trends in the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years of pancreatic cancer. It can inform the development of targeted interventions to reduce the severe disease burden caused by pancreatic cancer.

BackgroundNon-rheumatic valvular heart disease (NRVHD), driven by aging populations and epidemiological transitions, has become the dominant form of valvular heart disease globally, yet its burden trends and demographic disparities remain undercharacterized. This study quantifies the global and Chinese burden of NRVHD from 1990 to 2021, analyzing age-sex disparities and temporal trends.MethodsUsing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 Study. First, the number of incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) cases, along with their corresponding age-standardized rates (ASRs), were reported globally and in China, stratified by different sub-types in 2021. These sub-types included sex and age groups. Second, to explore the temporal trend of the disease burden, data from 1990 to 2021 were analyzed both globally and by sub-types. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) value was calculated using a linear regression model.ResultsIn 2021, NRVHD caused 2,206,928 global incidence cases (ASR: 25.0/100,000) and 28.4 million prevalence cases (ASR: 335.3/100,000), with 181,078 deaths (ASR: 2.31/100,000) and 3.24 million DALYs (ASR: 39.7/100,000). China accounted for 292,215 incidence cases (ASR: 12.8/100,000) and 3.28 million prevalence cases (ASR: 156.2/100,000), demonstrating lower deaths cases (ASDR: 0.13 vs. global 2.31/100,000) but accelerated burden growth. From 1990 to 2021, global incidence rose 129%, while China's surged 220%. Age-standardized deaths rate declined globally and in China, contrasting with rising prevalence. Males bore higher burdens globally and in China, with elderly populations disproportionately affected.ConclusionNRVHD burden has escalated globally, characterized by rising morbidity amid declining mortality, a paradox amplified in China. While therapeutic advances and hypertension control contributed to mortality reductions, persistent sex-age disparities and rural-urban inequities demand targeted strategies. China's rapid epidemiological transition underscores the urgency of integrating primary prevention, equitable technology access, and enhanced surveillance to address aging-related valvulopathies.

This study aims to analyze the burden and epidemiological trends of early-onset gout (EOG) and its association with high body mass index (BMI) in individuals aged 15 to 39 globally from 1990 to 2021. Using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 data, global incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and DALYs attributable to high BMI were analyzed. We examined EOG burden across global, regional, and national levels, along with trends, decomposition, health inequality, and correlations with socio-demographic index (SDI). In 2021, EOG accounted for 1,296,983 incident cases globally, with 5,077,197 prevalent cases and 170,599 DALYs, of which 54,909 were attributed to high BMI. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) rose from 36.52 per 100,000 in 1990 to 43.60 per 100,000 in 2021. Significant regional variations were observed, with high-income North America having the highest incidence (115.02 per 100,000). EOG burden was higher in males. Additionally, the percentage of DALYs attributable to high BMI continues to rise. EOG burden growth was mainly due to population growth, while DALYs attributable to high BMI rose due to epidemiological shifts. Absolute inequality in EOG burden grew, but relative inequality remained moderate. DALYs attributable to high BMI were concentrated in regions with higher SDI. The global burden of EOG has increased from 1990 to 2021, with high BMI playing a significant role. Strengthened prevention and management of gout and high BMI in adolescents and young adults are necessary. Key Points • The study investigates the spatiotemporal trends of incidence, prevalence, and DALYs of early-onset gout (aged 15-39 years) globally over the past 30 years, as well as the impact of high BMI on its DALYs. • The findings reveal a significant increase in the global burden of early-onset gout from 1990 to 2021, with both the number and proportion of DALYs attributable to high BMI showing marked increases across different sexes, age groups, and SDI levels. • The burden of early-onset gout is distributed unevenly across regions and countries, with a clear correlation to SDI levels, and the burden is concentrated in countries with higher SDI.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is prevalent worldwide and considered a crucial issue regarding women's health. In the present study, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2019 dataset was utilized to assess the distributional trends in PMS burden and prevalence in regional, national, and sociodemographic index (SDI) categories. The analytical methods and approaches used in the 2019 GBD study were adopted to investigate the incidence rates and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) related to PMS in 204 countries or regions. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR), 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UI), and annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated from the data. The global incidence and disability-adjusted life years of PMS exhibited a declining trend in the year 2019. Regions with medium-low SDI had the greatest burden of PMS, with the regions of South Asia (ASR = 7337.9 per 10,000) exhibiting the greatest Age-standardized incidence rates, while the high-income North American states presented the fastest upward trends in Age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rates. At the national level, 107 nations exhibited a decreasing trend in PMS incidence ASR, while 97 nations exhibited an increasing trend, with the United States presenting the greatest increase. The present study highlighted that even though the global PMS incidence and disability-adjusted life years have decreased from the year 1990 to 2019, PMS remains a prevalent health concern for women worldwide. While addressing preventive measures and treatment, it is also important to consider the regional and national differences in PMS to develop further effective and targeted health policies.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune and inflammatory disease. In elderly patients, the disease progresses more rapidly, involves more complications, and places a greater burden on health. Currently, there is a lack of studies investigating the disease burden of RA in the elderly population. We analyzed data on elderly rheumatoid arthritis from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database for 1990-2021, focusing on three main indicators: prevalence, incidence, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs). Percentage change and the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) were used to evaluate the trends in the disease burden. In 2021, the global prevalence cases, incidence cases, and DALYs of elderly RA were 7,919,136, 334,291, and 1,549,877, representing increases of 157.59%, 169.71%, and 116.53% compared to 1990. Both the prevalence rate and incidence rate increased, with EAPCs of 0.54 (95% CI: 0.5, 0.58) and 0.75 (95% CI: 0.7, 0.79), respectively. Notably, the prevalence rate in females was 2.2 times higher than that in males. The DALY rate showed a slight decline. Among the five Socio-demographic Index (SDI) regions, the High SDI region had the highest prevalence cases, incidence cases, and DALYs in 2021, with 2,821,305, 114,994, and 483,579, respectively, accounting for 36%, 34%, and 32% of the global totals. This region also recorded the highest prevalence and incidence rates. In contrast, the Low SDI and Low-middle SDI regions exhibited the fastest growth in both prevalence and incidence cases as well as rates. The highest prevalence cases and incidence rate were observed in the 65-69 age group. Decomposition analysis revealed that the rising disease burden was primarily attributable to the growth of the global elderly population. Between 1990 and 2021, the global burden of rheumatoid arthritis in the elderly population increased. The High SDI region experienced the highest disease burden. In contrast, the Low and Low-middle SDI regions showed the most rapid growth in disease burden. Females exhibited a higher burden compared to males, with the highest burden observed in the 65-69 age group. Early diagnosis and treatment in elderly patients are essential to mitigating adverse outcomes and reducing the burden.

BackgroundIntracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains a leading contributor to mortality and long-term disability worldwide. This study aims to report global trends in the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of ICH among youths and young adults from 1990 to 2021.MethodsThis study analyzed ICH incidence, mortality, and DALYs in youth and young adults aged 15–39 years using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database. Rates for incidence, mortality, and DALYs were calculated per 100,000 population with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Data from 204 countries and territories were stratified by age, sex, and location. Temporal trends were assessed through Joinpoint regression models to compute annual percent change (APC) and log-transformed linear regression models to estimate the average annual percentage change (EAPC).ResultsGlobally, the incidence of ICH among youths and young adults in 2021 was 246938.25 (95% UI, 192258.36–303133.32), with 85038.37 deaths (95% UI, 76818.49–93855.53), and 5385247.12 DALYs (95% UI, 4884623.97–5910984.71). From 1990 to 2021, the incidence decreased by −0.4% (95% UI, −6.14 to 5.54%), mortality by −4.62% (95% UI, −14.24 to 6.74%), and DALYs by −5.08% (95% UI, −13.98 to 5.38%). The incidence rate declined from 11.31 (95% UI, 8.56, 14.27) per 100,000 individuals in 1990 to 8.30 (95% UI, 6.46, 10.19) per 100,000 individuals in 2021, an overall decrease of −26.62% (95% UI, −30.85 to −22.24). Among the five Sociodemographic Index (SDI) regions, the highest EAPCs were observed in the high SDI regions for incidence (−1.63%; 95% CI, −1.74 to −1.52), mortality (−1.79%; 95% CI, −2.01 to −1.58), and DALYs (−1.67%; 95% UI, −1.84 to −1.50). At the national level, China had the highest number of ICH cases globally in 2021, with 49364.51 cases (95% UI, 37242.00–62918.59). The main risk factors for ICH-related mortality and DALYs globally are hypertension, air pollution, and tobacco use.ConclusionThe global incidence, mortality, and DALYs of ICH among youths and young adults are generally on a declining trend. The main risk factors are hypertension, air pollution, and tobacco use. A thorough understanding of the epidemiology of ICH in youths and young adults is crucial for developing timely and effective intervention measures.

Epidemiological trends and burden of gallbladder and biliary tract cancer in Belt and Road Initiative countries: A comprehensive analysis from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess temporal trends, epidemiological features, and sex differences in the thyroid cancer burden among adolescents and young adults, globally and in China, from 1990 to 2021, using the Global Burden of Disease 2021 data. We projected China’s future burden through 2041, to support precision prevention strategies.MethodsData on the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life years of thyroid cancer in AYAs were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease 2021 database. Age-standardized rates and estimated annual percentage changes were calculated. Joinpoint regression was used to detect shifts in trends. An age-period-cohort model was used to quantify the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on the incidence. Decomposition analysis was used to evaluate the contributions of population growth, aging, and epidemiological changes. A Bayesian age-period-cohor model projected future trends for China. Furthermore, we conducted a stratified analysis by sex to investigate the heterogeneity in the evolution of disease burden between the Chinese and global populations.ResultsBetween 1990 and 2021, China experienced a rapid increase in the incidence and prevalence of thyroid cancer among adolescents and young adults; the age-standardized incidence rate increased by 152.6%, far exceeding the global average. Mortality and disability-adjusted life years declined, forming a pattern of high incidence, low mortality, and moderate disability. This increase was primarily driven by epidemiological transitions. In terms of sex differences, Males exhibited a sharper increase in both incidence and disability-adjusted life years than females, indicating growing sex-based disparities. Notably, the burden in China began increasing earlier and more rapidly than global trends, particularly in males, whose incidence continued to increase even as global rates stabilized. Age-period-cohort model analysis further revealed that, among the adolescent and young adult population in China, the incidence of thyroid cancer increased significantly with advancing age, the incidence risk potentially increased after 2010, and more recent birth cohorts born after 1980 also exhibited an upward risk trend. However, despite these patterns, neither the period nor cohort effect reached statistical significance. Finally, Bayesian age-period-cohort projections suggested that the incidence and prevalence will continue to increase over the next 20 years, while mortality will remain stable, and disability-adjusted life years will decline slightly.ConclusionsOver the past three decades, the burden of thyroid cancer among adolescents and young adults in China has increased at a substantially accelerated rate compared to global trends, with a pronounced widening of the sex gap in disease burden. While Chinese female patients have continued to show improvements in prognosis and relative burden measures, male patients have experienced a marked rise in both incidence and disability-adjusted life years, accompanied by a consistent decline in prognostic outcomes. These findings underscore the need for sex-specific strategies: for males, prioritizing the identification and mitigation of modifiable risk factors to curb the rising burden and improve prognosis; for females, consolidating effective diagnostic and therapeutic practices while minimizing overdiagnosis. Gender-sensitive approaches, aligned with precision prevention, may help address the growing burden.

BackgroundMultidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) among those aged 15–49 years pose a severe public health challenge, yet our understanding of the burden of these diseases in this age group remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the trends in MDR-TB and XDR-TB burden among this population from 2010 to 2021 across global, regional, and national levels.MethodsThis study extracted four key indicators—incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per 100,000 population—for MDR-TB and XDR-TB among 15–49 years from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. It assessed the burden trends using percentage change (PC) and estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), with further analysis by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI).ResultsIn 2021, the global incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs of MDR-TB among adolescents and young adults were 241,399, 336,746, 33,285, and 1,896,002, respectively. Global MDR-TB incidence and DALYs rates showed slight decreases since 2010, with EAPCs of -0.76 and -2.61, respectively. In 2021, the global incidence, prevalence, deaths, and DALYs of XDR-TB among adolescents and young adults were 12,861, 14,039, 2442, and 133,610, respectively. Since 2010, global XDR-TB incidence rates have increased, with an EAPC of 0.57, while prevalence and death rates have decreased, with EAPCs of − 2.67 and − 2.87, respectively. The incidence and prevalence rates of MDR-TB were significantly decreased since 2010 in high SDI, high-middle SDI, and low SDI regions. The prevalence rate of XDR-TB was significantly decreased since 2010 in the high SDI and high-middle SDI regions, while a significant increase was observed in the middle SDI, low-middle SDI, and low SDI regions. Furthermore, a gradual decline was observed in the burden of MDR-TB and XDR-TB as the SDI level increases. The burden of MDR-TB and XDR-TB showed an upward trend during the COVID-19 epidemic.ConclusionsThe burden of MDR-TB and XDR-TB among adolescents and young adults remained very severe, particularly in the middle SDI and low-middle SDI regions. The COVID-19 pandemic may impact the global burden of these drug-resistant tuberculosis. Targeted interventions are crucial to address this issue.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12916-025-04269-7.