Abstract
Building performance evaluations (BPE) of five secondary schools and academies constructed under the Building Schools for the Future (BSF) programme in England found that CO2 emissions associated with operational energy performance in all these buildings is higher than the median of the secondary schools. Whilst the new regulatory requirements for building fabric performance have led to some improvements in heating energy when compared against good practice and typical benchmarks, there is still significant discrepancy between heating energy use and the design expectations. Electricity use in these buildings is also 37–191% more than the median school and significantly worse than the design expectations. These results point to the importance of post-occupancy building fine-tuning and measurement and verification of performance in-use with respect to design projections to narrow the performance gap. It is also necessary to set out clear operational performance targets and protect energy efficiency measures from value engineering throughout building procurement and in operation to achieve good level of performance. Finally, it is suggested to adopt a holistic view of energy, environmental quality, and educational performance to have a better understanding of schools' performance and potential conflicts between energy efficiency measures and indoor environmental quality (IEQ).
Highlights
Buildings constitute 35% of the global final energy consumption which contributes to the anthropogenic CO2 emissions that cause climate change (IEA, 2013)
While the performance gap may cover various aspects of a building’s performance, it is widely used to refer to discrepancies between the actual and projected energy consumption or CO2 emissions associated with energy use
Buildings A and B perform better than the good practice benchmark derived from the Display Energy Certificate (DEC) dataset by 16 and 43% respectively
Summary
Buildings constitute 35% of the global final energy consumption which contributes to the anthropogenic CO2 emissions that cause climate change (IEA, 2013). Non-domestic buildings account for 17% of energy consumption and 12% of greenhouse gas emissions in the UK (DBEIS, 2016), and the education sector accounts for 11% of final energy use of non-domestic sector (DBEIS, 2017). The annual spend on energy consumption in 2009 was £553 million and rising every year (James, 2011). While the performance gap may cover various aspects of a building’s performance, it is widely used to refer to discrepancies between the actual and projected energy consumption or CO2 emissions associated with energy use. Actual energy use of most buildings was higher than the expectations and almost twice the design estimates (Bordass et al, 2001b)
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