Briófitos Epífilos en las Islas Canarias: Chinobre (Tenerife).

eCAM: Darwin and Metchnikoff

Background and Aims: Bahia is one of the Brazilian states with the greatest diversity of orchids. Species restricted to microhabitats or forming small populations, being subject to local suppression, have been reported for restingas of the state. The north coast of Bahia has recently been exposed to intense anthropic pressures, including disordered occupation of land and predatory tourism. In order to encourage the adoption of regional conservation strategies, we carried out a survey of the orchid flora in the Parque Natural Municipal da Restinga de Praia do Forte (PNMR Praia do Forte), a fragment of restinga on the north coast of the state. Methods: Field work was conducted monthly from September 2016 to December 2017, and in July 2020 and August 2022, by employing the walking survey method. We consulted collections of the herbaria ALCB, HRB, HUEFS, and RB in person, as well as digital images of type specimens deposited in European herbaria and the Environmental Information Reference Center database. Phenological and distribution data of the species in the phytophysiognomies of PNMR Praia do Forte were mostly obtained in the field. Key results: Orchidaceae is represented by 14 genera and 16 species in the PNMR Praia do Forte, most of which are native to the Neotropics (14 spp., including eight endemic to Brazil), mainly terrestrial (six spp.), occurring exclusively in restinga forest formations (eight spp.). Epistephium williamsii, Gomesa barbata, Oeceoclades maculata, Pachygenium parvum, Polystachya concreta and Prescottia leptostachya (restricted to Bahia state) form small populations (<50 individuals). Conclusions: The orchid flora of the PNMR Praia do Forte, especially the aforementioned species, requires the attention from managers, in order to implement possible management and conservation actions and prevent them from being suppressed locally. We suggest greater surveillance actions in the park and environmental education actions among local residents and tourists.

Ciliates of the genus Paramecium have a unique cortical pattern after silver staining, and can be easily identified as paramecia in any sample from small ponds or other freshwater collection areas. Furthermore, readily detectable morphological characteristics serve as guides to distinguish between species of paramecia by light microscopy of living cells. Alternatively different species of the P. aurelia complex appear morphologically identical, often despite striking differences in their ecology or life strategies. This has severely hampered ecological studies [field work]. There are only a few data sets available concerning the ecology of free living paramecia in natural habitats, because there is no feasible method for multiple determinations of Paramecium species that are often required during field studies. With the adaptation of the Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA–Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD–PCR) fingerprint technique, we succeeded in performing a fast and simple identification of European Paramecium aurelia species. We developed a 10-mer random primer that generated fingerprints highly specific for nine different P. aurelia species. The diagnostic band pattern was the same for different stocks of the same species, despite different geographic origins. This method has already been used successfully to identify some unknown clones collected from natural environments in southwestern Germany. This technique can be used for the identification of species and for studying elements of population structure. Field studies are now possible to answer basic questions concerning the ecology of Paramecium. These are necessary to develop a general model for limnological processes in freshwater ecosystems at a scale of a 100-μm organism.

ABSTRACTNon-autistic people is frequently described as best positioned to provide support to autistic people. But what could autistic peer support, where the support actor is another person with autism, mean? The aim of this paper is to explore different meanings of development and peer support at an autistic-only work place in Sweden. The analyses in this paper is based on data from a field work among a group of autistic self-advocates in Sweden. The group is working together in a three-year autist led project aiming at supporting young adults with autism with life strategies and with peer-to-peer mentoring as well as educating employers about autistic abilities. In the group ideas of an alternative autistic development to be nurtured and supported by autistic peer support is brought forward. Support to autistic people has to be based on understandings on autistic functionality and ways of developing and learning. This includes support in executive function, formulating goals and future aspirations, support in to get to know your abilities, embrace and cherish your strengths and interests, and get to know your difficulties including strategies to manage them, without reinforcing a sense of failure.

The Grayling River area (NTS 94-N/06) in the western Liard Basin is underlain by Triassic and Lower Cretaceous shale, siltstone and sandstone. A regional unconformity at the base of the Cretaceous down cuts to the north and east. Folds dominate the structural style. These probably formed in the latest Cretaceous and are well exposed along Liard River and where the resistant Liard Formation occurs. A regionally significant change in the orientation of structures from northwest in the Rocky Mountain Foothills (southern part of the area) to north or northeast in the Liard Thrust and Fold Belt (northern part of area) occurs. Cross-cutting faults and highly variable fold trends indicate local regions where both trends are developed. This map incorporates extensive observations from a major unpublished geological study of the Liard River corridor prepared for BC Hydro in 1984 as well as new data collected during field work as part of the GEM project.

IntroductionThe question of transnationalism's historical depth brigns to mind Stephan Zweig's memoir, Le Monde d'hier. The bitter experience of being forced to flee Hitler's regime and become a stateless person from an enemy nation in England inspired Austrian Jewish man of letters (1881-1942) to reminisce of a time before World War I when the world belonged to all men, where each went when and where he plased, where author himself had ventured as far afield as India and Americas without a passport. Only after Great War, he says, were travellers subjected to the humiliations once inflicted only on criminals--photographs, fingerprints, health certificates, financial guarantees and so on (Zweig, 1993: 476-477). Zweig speaks from vantage point of one who grew up in secure, ordered world of Vienna's bourgeoisie, a far cry from impoverished circumstances of Cape Verdean migrants of nineteenth century. Nonetheless, context he evokes--one that is almost unimaginable for today's migrants and travellers--is one in which Cape Verdean migration to United States came to be and existed for over a century.Transnationalism and have been in forefront of discussions of migration for some years now. Though concepts are of relatively recent vintage, there is good reason to believe that they refer to patterns of considerable time depth. Here I am mostly concerned with first of these concepts; that is, with migrants' life strategies and social relations that bridge several societies. The main issues that concerns us are (1) time depth of transnationalism, and (2) how and why today's transnationalism is different from that of past. I will focus primarily on material from research in Cabo Verde (1972, 1990), as well as more recent field work (1996-99) among Cape Verdean-Americans in Boston-Providence area, in Toronto and Paris.(1) The propositions I will argue are as follows: (1) that transnationalism well predates present era; (2) today's Cape Verdean transnationalism is qualitatively different in some important ways from that of earlier periods, and (3) technological factors do not provide sufficient explanation for such differences; rather, we must also explore broader economic and above all, political factors.At same time, I suggest, study of Cape Verdean migration opens some interesting paths of thought regarding (1) relation of transmigrants to nation-state, and (2) extension of transnationalism in time beyond generation of migrants to their descendants, and in space, beyond bipolar home-host society ties. Finally, I hope to contribute to thinking about transnationalism as regards social identities and intergroup relations.A word on conceptsThough researchers often seem to use terms diaspora and transnationalism interchangeably, Clifford's essay on former term highlights distinctive experience of certain peoples' historic experience of exile begotten by mass violence against them, their collective knowledge of what might be called underside of modernity, and their relations of coexistence with other groups in their societies of residence. (See also Hovanessian, 1993; Marienstras, 1975). Others, such as Noninin and Ong give less emphasis to initial founding violence and more to this type of diaspora's results; that is, communities, persons and groups separated by space who nonetheless think of themselves as we, as having a shared condition, one that is continually reconstituted by travel and visits, and bound together by ties of kinship, commerce, sentiment, values etc. (Nonini and Ong, 1997: 18).Discussions of transnationalism are usually centered on migrants' political and economic strategies that maximize their links to several nation-states, usually those of origin and of residence. (e.g., Foner, 1997; Smith, 1993) Typically, transmigrants are presented as migrants who seek to improve their economic conditions by leaving home society, while still keeping some kind of an economic base there. …

This chapter looks at the impact on pupils when they fi rst arrive at secondary school. Transition1 is often described as an anxious time but it is more true to say that pupils generally feel excitement tinged with a touch of apprehension. The following pages explore what schools are doing to make transition a more satisfactory experience and the reactions of pupils to these initiatives. The data presented here are an amalgam of three transition studies conducted in England, that of Hargreaves and Galton (2002), Galton, Gray, and Rudduck (2003), and an unpublished study carried out as part of a policy review for a local authority in England. In Hargreaves and Galton (2002), the fi eld work in six transition schools was carried out in 1996-1997, while Galton et al. (2003) involved some 20 schools situated mainly in 5 Local Authorities in the Midlands and East Anglia covering the period 2000-2002. The review for the Local Authority took place in 2005-2006 and involved three schools. In all cases, groups of pupils were interviewed during the last term at primary school2 shortly after induction day, again at half-term following the move to secondary school and fi nally at the end of the year following transition. Throughout the chapter various suggestions are made concerning ways in which the transition process might be improved.

Dams constitute an important dimension of many of the hydraulic systems developed by different cultures down through history. Not only relevant for their practical benefits, the scale of the territorial intervention entails deep impacts on the surrounding landscape. Great dams store large volumes of water and create perfectly horizontal surfaces within organic perimeters, which fluctuate according to the topography and the amount of water stored at each moment. In addition, they produce radical changes in their ecosystems, with important environmental consequences. Usually linked to agricultural developments, during the reign of Philip II in Spain, these structures undertook symbolic values as key facets of the territorial reorganization undertaken in that period to affirm the king’s power. Generally attributed to Flemish and Dutch constructors (called “diqueros” in Spain), they also reflect the survival of the Roman techniques that were profusely employed on the Iberian Peninsula. Although these extraordinary examples have been subject to well-grounded prior research, the importance and originality of their widespread use in garden ensembles during the reign of Philip II represents an unusual fact that deserves highlighting. The exceptional example of El Bosque de Bejar, where a dam features as the main element of an axial terraced garden, complements the varied royal initiatives (Aranjuez, Casa de Campo, Valsain, El Escorial and La Fresneda; all with irrigation structures that also served playful or compositional purposes). Based on documentation and field work, this chapter focuses on the general arrangement of these structures, their relationships with garden layouts and, especially, the hydraulic system of La Fresneda, one of the least known and best preserved.

MORE ON EL MÁRTIR DE MADRID AND LA FIANZA SATISFECHA Vern G. Williamsen, University of Missouri In a recent article, Henry A. Linares and I studied the relationship of Mira de Amescua's El mártir de Madrid to Lope de Vega's La fianza satisfecha . (1) We suggested in that study that even though the priority of Mira's work seemed evident because of structural differences between the plays (Lope's drama moved the theme from a specific, historical level to a more general, philosophical plane), there was no external evidence pointing to a date previous to 1619 for Mira de Amescua's comedia. Recently, two pieces of information have come forward which should aid in completing the chronological puzzle. Both tend to confirm the earlier conjecture. I Newly published data on Mira's versification habits shows that El mártir de Madrid definitely belongs among the guadijeño's early works.(2) and that it was probably written very close to the time period during which he also wrote El arpa de David (1610-1613).(3) El mártir, for example, has 3039 verses of which 43.1% are redondillas, 26.2% quintillas, 17.1% décimas , and 13.2% romances. El arpa de David, a play of 3521 verses, contains 20.0% redondillas, 29.3% quintillas, 17.0% décimas, 19.0% romances, and 1.2% versos sueltos.(A). The nearly equivalent percentages, for the two plays, of quintillas, décimas, and romances, are among the elements which speak for a chronological relationship. The figures for quintillas and romances , in particular, are similar only to those found in Mira's early pieces. In addition, the plays exhibit a concurrent lack of silvas (a form consistently present in the plays written by Mira after his return from Italy in 1616), and a reduced usage of versos sueltos (an omnipresent strophe in the poet's earliest plays). Because Mira left the Spanish court to go to Italy with the Conde de Lemos in 1610, it seems most probable that both El mártir de Madrid and El arpa de Daviddate from that year rather than later. ? A second item of interest is to be found in Tirso de Molina's Historia General de la Orden de Nuestra Señora de las Mercedes (Madrid, 1974). Here, as the earliest event he chronicles for the year 1619, Tirso describes the arrival in Algiers of Fray Vicente Serrano, the first redemptorist who dared venture into the Moorish kingdom after the final expulsion of the moriscos from Spain some ten years earlier. 37 . . . luciósele esta osadía de manera, que faltó poco para añadir vn mártir a nuestra Orden. ... el buen maestro Serrano auía dicho muchos vituperios de Mahoma, amotinando los cau / tiuos por la muerte que aquellos várbaros dieron al sancto joben y cauallero victoriosso don Pedro de Torres y Miranda que, ennobleciendo con su sangre el cielo y nuestra española corte por ser natural de ella, llaman con justo título el Mártir de Madrid, desde aquel día. Murió porque no quiso desdecirse de auer llamado a su propheta falso, torpe y bestial engañador de simples, ministro de el demonio, y precursor de el Anticristo; (II, p. 440, 11. 37-50. The italics are mine). The fact that the year 1619 again brought the epithet «mártir de Madrid» to the attention of the people of the city undoubtedly led to the disinterment and resuscitation of Mira's comedia dealing with the death of Pedro Navarro Elchi in 1580. By this, I suggest that Mira's play was written considerably earlier than 1619, the date of the earliest approval for performance still attached to the existing manuscript, and that it was, in that year, brought forth and refurbished -perhaps even retitled- in order to take advantage both of the topical interest and of the coincidence of names in the news and in the play. This conjecture is further supported by the physical evidence of the manuscript itself which, except for the final pages, is autograph. The nonholographic folios are tipped in on the stubs of autograph originals (Fragments of Mira's...

The article shows how such elements of cultural tradition as folk fairy tales and traditional children's games participate in the development of emotional sphere and creative thinking of preschool children, as well as in building their life strategies including emigration at mature age. The author present the results of experimental work and empirical research in the subject field.

The article presents a research’s reflection on entrance and working in the religious field, description of physical context of the research and the researcher's frame in a particular case, through the main aspects: researcher's identity (gender, age, nationality), personal research position, determined through the correlation of insidership and outsidership. The author draws attention to the fact that the researcher's position cannot be clearly defined through the categories of insider and outsider, each participant of the study has a complex system of identities, cultural and social markers that will certainly have points of contact, intersections and divergences. The article reveals the features of the empirical part of the study devoted to the life strategies of young Muslims, in particular, the issues of research organization, establishing communication with the research field, and conducting interviews.

The Bocabulario de la Lengua Sangleya por las Letraz de el A.B.C. stands out among the Spanish missionary oeuvres dedicated to the documentation of the Chinese vernacular spoken by the Sangley community in Manila around the year 1600. As opposed to other vocabularies and dictionaries of the same epoch, it contains not only single line Hokkien-Spanish entries, but many additional pieces of linguistic and cultural information including example sentences selected and designed for conversational use during field work regarding proselytization. The Bocabulario is a complex text where several discourse layers can be distinguished, one traced back to the sources utilized by the compilers, another one implemented by the compilers themselves while following their didactic and practical goals, and a last one by the copyists who do not seem to have grown up with the European tradition of scripturality.

In this study, we identified hantavirus genotypes and their reservoirs and evaluated the spatial and temporal distribution of the virus in rodent population in three protected areas of Argentina over 3 years (2007-2010). A total of 837 rodents were captured with an effort of 22 117 trap-nights. We detected the genotype Lechiguanas in Oligoryzomys nigripes and O. flavescens and Pergamino in Akodon azarae. There was no correlation between seroprevalence and trap success of the host. The proportion of seropositive males was significantly higher than the proportion of seropositive females. The total length of seropositives was higher than that of seronegatives in each host species. Seropositive individuals were observed in warm months and not in cold months, which suggests an infection cycle. This investigation confirms that protected areas of central east Argentina are places with a variety of sylvan rodents species associated with different hantavirus genotypes where reservoirs are numerically dominant. Although there was more than one known reservoir of hantavirus, only one species had antibodies in each area. This can be explained because the transmission of the virus does need not only the presence of a rodent species but also a threshold density. Longevity of even a small proportion of the host population in cold months may provide a trans-seasonal mechanism for virus persistence. The seroprevalence detected was higher than the one found before in rodent populations of Argentina, and this explains the appearance of human cases in two of these three areas.

For vertebrates, body mass underlies much of the variation in metabolism, but among animals of the same body mass, metabolism varies six-fold. Understanding how natural selection can influence variation in metabolism remains a central focus of Physiological Ecologists. Life-history theory postulates that many physiological traits, such as metabolism, may be understood in terms of key maturational and reproductive characteristics over an organism's life-span. Although it is widely acknowledged that physiological processes serve as a foundation for life-history trade-offs, the physiological mechanisms that underlie the diversification of life-histories remain elusive. Data show that tropical birds have a reduced basal metabolism (BMR), field metabolic rate, and peak metabolic rate compared with temperate counterparts, results consistent with the idea that a low mortality, and therefore increased longevity, and low productivity is associated with low mass-specific metabolic rate. Mass-adjusted BMR of tropical and temperate birds was associated with survival rate, in accordance with the view that animals with a slow pace of life tend to have increased life spans. To understand the mechanisms responsible for a reduced rate of metabolism in tropical birds compared with temperate species, we summarized an unpublished study, based on data from the literature, on organ masses for both groups. Tropical birds had smaller hearts, kidneys, livers, and pectoral muscles than did temperate species of the same body size, but they had a relatively larger skeletal mass. Direct measurements of organ masses for tropical and temperate birds showed that the heart, kidneys, and lungs were significantly smaller in tropical birds, although sample sizes were small. Also from an ongoing study, we summarized results to date on connections between whole-organism metabolism in tropical and temperate birds and attributes of their dermal fibroblasts grown in cell culture. Cells derived from tropical birds had a slower rate of growth, consistent with the hypothesis that these cells have a slower metabolism. We found that dermal fibroblasts from tropical birds resisted chemical agents that induce oxidative and non-oxidative stress better than do cells from temperate species, consistent with the hypothesis that birds that live longer invest more in self-maintenance such as antioxidant properties of cells.

Extended reality technologies combine real and virtual environments through computer generated interactions, allowing to extend and amplify the sensory experiences of the user. Currently, the most widely known extended reality experiences are augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) which are being increasingly incorporated in a wide variety of areas that range from marketing to health care. Despite the relatively recent application of these technologies in education they have already shown an enormous potential, as they significantly improve student motivation and learning, adapt to different learning styles, reduce social inequalities to some extent, and facilitate inclusiveness and diversity practices in the classroom. In this work, we present a project that incorporates AR and VR to university teaching, with the aim of offeringan immersive learning experience that complements field work practices in courses related to marine biology and zoology. Using 360º images and the open source software Roundme, we have developed a virtual itinerary through a rocky shore in O Grove (Galicia, Spain), in which students can observe and study the biodiversity associated to the distinct intertidal zones. We have also created an underwater VR 360º video that allows students to experience a virtual SCUBA dive in the Marine Reserve of Parque Natural de Cabo de Gata-Níjar (Almería, Spain). During this virtual dive, students can observe and identify the rich biodiversity associated to Posidonia oceanica meadows as well as other characteristic species and communities of this marine protected area, even if they can’t swim or if they are hundreds of kilometers away from the coast. Lastly, we have also designed an AR app that allows the visualization of representative marine invertebrate 3D models and internal anatomy videos through a smartphone. The 3D models were created with the app Qlone and integrated with QR codes using the software Creator to develop the app VitrinasXR, which can be accessed with the open source app Scope. AR and VR are among the tools with the most potential to revolutionize education, significantly promoting motivation and learning in the classroom. The technological advances and popularity of these tools has made them easy to use for both the teachers and the students, allowing their effective use in education. Specifically, the application of these technologies to develop virtual itineraries and field trips has added benefits, allowing access to students from all socio-economic backgrounds, providing flexibility to adapt to different learning styles, and promoting inclusivity and diversity practices in the classroom. Here, we provide detailed information regarding the design and creation of our marine biology AR and VR teaching materials, in order to facilitate and encourage their use in higher education by any interested party La realidad extendida combina entornos reales y virtuales mediante interacciones generadas por ordenador, permitiendo extender y ampliar las experiencias sensoriales del usuario. Actualmente, las experiencias de realidad extendida más conocidas son la realidad aumentada (RA) y la realidad virtual (RV) que se están incorporando de manera incremental en áreas que abarcan desde el marketing, a la sanidad. A pesar de que la aplicación de estastecnologías a la educación es aún reciente, muestran un enorme potencial ya que fomentan de manera significativa la motivación y aprendizaje de los estudiantes, se adaptan a distintos estilos de aprendizaje, reducen en cierta medida desigualdades sociales, y facilitan la inclusividad y atención a la diversidad en el aula. En este trabajo, presentamos un proyecto que incorpora elementos de RA y RV a la docencia universitaria, con el objetivo de proporcionar una experiencia de aprendizaje que favorezca la inmersión en el tema/asignatura y que complemente las prácticas de campo de asignaturas relacionadas con la biología marina. Proporcionamos información detallada sobre el proceso diseño y creación del material para promover y facilitar el uso de estas herramientas a cualquier docente interesado.