Bridging the Cultural Gap: The Importance of Context in Translating Religious Texts

Puns revolve around two or more semantically incompatible meanings as they are formed by polysemic and homophonic words used in a certain context. According to the incongruity theory of humour, humour is created due to incongruity between expectation and reality. All kinds of puns are based on ambiguity principles. This study aims to describe and compare lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactical and idiomatic puns and literal translations used in the context of Urdu sitcoms “Hum sub Umeed say hain” and “Hasb-e-Haal” by the help of descriptive-analytical method. Five episodes of each sitcom are analyzed. The rational of choosing these programs is that they revolve around important social issues and sensitive political themes to highlight and eradicate those problems. Findings indicate that lexical and idiomatic puns occur the most in our data, whereas morphological ambiguity is present least in number. The cause of ambiguity of more than a quarter of the data is due to literal translations and code switching. Since little work (and none to my knowledge in Urdu) has been done on puns and working of humorous literal translations of words and idioms in the context of sitcom and comedy discourse, this paper can be a linguistic contribution to the areas of media and humour studies.

Puns revolve around two or more semantically incompatible meanings as they are formed by polysemic and homophonic words used in a certain context. According to the incongruity theory of humour, humour is created due to incongruity between expectation and reality. All kinds of puns are based on ambiguity principles. This study aims to describe and compare lexical, phonological, morphological, syntactical and idiomatic puns and literal translations used in the context of Urdu sitcoms “Hum sub Umeed say hain” and “Hasb-e-Haal” by the help of descriptive-analytical method. Five episodes of each sitcom are analyzed. The rational of choosing these programs is that they revolve around important social issues and sensitive political themes to highlight and eradicate those problems. Findings indicate that lexical and idiomatic puns occur the most in our data, whereas morphological ambiguity is present least in number. The cause of ambiguity of more than a quarter of the data is due to literal translations and code switching. Since little work (and none to my knowledge in Urdu) has been done on puns and working of humorous literal translations of words and idioms in the context of sitcom and comedy discourse, this paper can be a linguistic contribution to the areas of media and humour studies.

Regarding to Douglas Robinson, in his famous book entitled Becoming atranslator, 1998; 49, define translation is an intelligent activity involving complex processes of conscious and unconscious learning.In the other book of Peter Newmark's, a textbook of translation, stated that translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Newmark describe translation techniques into two catagories. First, translation which focuses on the source language and target language. The SL translation techniques consists of four such as word fo word, literal, faithfull and semantic translation. While the techniques which focuses on Target Language (TL). The techniques are adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation and communicative translation.In this paper, the writer would like to analyze the children text entitled Lila, the clumsy witch or Lila, penyihir yang ceroboh. “ what kind of translation techniques does the writer use in translating the text ? The story is written by Amelia Kurniawati and translated by P. Francis Rhien. The result is that the writer of the book uses more techniques of translation which focuses on Source language using word for word translation 19,3%, Literal translation 61,5% and Free translation 19,3%. This result indicates that the writer of the book focuses on the source language.

This study aimed at determining the methods used in translating song lyrics on Harry's house album on Indolirik YouTube channel. The theory used in analyzing the data is Newmark theory (1988) which explained that there were two approaches in translating text namely SL Emphasis (Domestication) in which the emphasis was on the source language and the other one was TL Emphasis (Foreignization) in which the emphasis was on the target language. Newmark (1988) also explained there were eight methods of translations, namely, word for word, literal, faithful, semantic, adaptation, free, idiomatic, and communicative translation. The researcher conducted a descriptive qualitative method in analyzing the data. The data were taken from the translation of song lyrics on Harry's house album on Indolirik YouTube channel, which consisted of 5 songs and 111 song lyrics. The findings of this research showed that there were 6 types of translation methods used by Indolirik YouTube channel in translating the lyrics. From the analyzed data, Indolirik YouTube channelused Literal translation (43,25%), Word-for-Word translation (5,41%), Free translation (10,81%), Idiomatic Translation (17,11%), and Communicative translation (23,42%). It was also found that the translator mostly used the literal translation process, it means that the translation products focused on the source language in translating the song lyrics rather than the target one.

This study focused on translating the correct compound words into Arabic that become a problem from the Arabic learners as they translate these words into literal translation. The way in which this study was carried out was based on the scientific approach: the descriptive analytical approach for the analysis of the correct translation of the compound words, the method of testing and resolution to learn the effect of translating compound words on Arabic learners and the resolution was composed of nine axes. This study has shown a number of results, the most important of which are: compound words are a set of two or more words that have the same meaning, analysis of the correct translation of the compound words from (KBBI) into three sections, namely: Compound words that were Contrary to the composition of the Arabic vocabulary, of compound words in the type of conventional expression compound words that correspond to the composition of the Arabic vocabulary, and The field study found that the correct translation of the compound words increases the terminology and vocabulary of students to develop the competency level of their language, The correct translation of compound words gives positive effect for development of Arabic learners.

German interest in, and reception of, Indigenous Australian cultures have a long and also burdened history. With the emergence of German translations of Indigenous literature in the 1980s – that is, literature not about, but penned by, Indigenous authors – one-sided politics of representations and thus also stigmatised images started to change. Yet, the translation of literature per se does not simply entail a representation free of clichés and prejudices. Cultural knowledge cannot be simply rendered ‘correct’ according to the regimes of the source culture, but need to be adapted to the regimes of the target cultures. This article focuses on the ways the manifold concepts of race have been translated into three German audiobooks. Important aspects of race, it shows, have been lost in translation, while the racial history of the target culture poses new challenges for a literature that is intricately enmeshed with race and that seeks to rebut racism.

Research focus consists of: What method students use in process translating text from native language (BSu) to target language (BSa) and what process of mistake occasionally occurs in translating observed from the result of text translation BSu to BSa. This research employs qualitative approach by descriptive analysis paradigm. This data collecting procedure includes documentation, interview, and observation. Data validity by: data analysis through systematic arrangement and trace, interview transcript, field note, conclusion and verification, triangulation method. The result of research found: 1. Method which collage students use in translating process is placed in two categories, those are translation method pressed on BSu (NL): word by word translation, literal translation, faithful translation, and semantic translation, BSa (TL): press on: adaptation, free translation, idiomatic translation, and communicative translation. 2. Translation technique in this alternative step answers problem formulated on research problem, concerning translation procedure of religion text which is done by college students Translation Practice Semester VI from English to Indonesian, namely borrowing, loan translation (claque), literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. 3 language mistake analyses in translation presented in this paper is study which analyze one paragraph from text 1 until text 4 above. Furthermore, comprehending about definition of translation error is language error. Language error can happen in every linguistic level because language produced by word, sentence and meaning, error which needs to analyze covered phonology, morphology, syntactic and semantic. Based on the result, it can be concluded that translating process done by college students is good wholly. Technique 1: using literal translation method. Technique 2: free translation method. Technique 3: adaptation method. Technique 4: unacceptable by the reader, from translation technique in the research is found from the text which college students translate, error in table 1, there are 3 errors, in table 2 there are six language errors, in table 3 there are six errors. In table 4 there are seven errors. However, researcher finds inadequacy which is caused by mastering vocabulary, phrase, idiom, and students’ inadequacy in using grammatical Principal from BSu (NL). Besides that, it is possible that time allocation is not enough, 100 minutes in 2 sks translation theory and 100 minutes in 2 sks translation practice

The growing number and variety of artificial languages leads to the need and relevance of creating automatic dictionaries for their translation in order to facilitate human communication. Such languages include languages where vocabulary, phonetics, and grammar have been specifically designed to achieve specific goals and to communicate with a group of people by interests or place of residence. These languages can be distributed among people of certain professions or among neighboring nations. Examples are slang and surzhik. The common for them is that there is a basic language (literary), the intersection in spelling and meaning of words and phrases with which is quite large. The main goal of the project is to create a system of automatic translation of words and texts from / into arbitrary languages, including hybrid, artificial and slang ones. The proposed model shows the interaction and partial interdependence of the creation and adjustment modules and the translation module of the dictionary, which is explained by tacking the approach of reverse propagation of the translation error. To perform experiments and analyze the performance of the proposed approach to the organization of automatic translation of texts from and into arbitrary language, a software application was developed, which includes a subprogram of initial word processing for dictionary organization, one for creating a working dictionary and one for two-way improvement of created dictionary by the inclusion of new texts in order to improve the quality of translation, including the search for word phrases, idiom, and translation for them, the subprogram of dividing the dictionary into sub-dictionaries with a small percentage of text, the subprogram of the translator itself. To test and analyze the results of the proposed generalized model, three types of source texts were used: literary poetry translation, literary prose translation, literal prose translation. The results of the experiments showed that the proposed approach provides a high level of translation (up to 98,8%) in similar languages (between such languages as Ukrainian-Russian, or Ukrainian - Ukrainian-Russian surzhik wih equal word order in the sentence), especially with a literally translated source text. It has become known that the use of artistic texts to generate dictionaries is possible, but not very effective.

This research analyzes the translation of Indonesian compound words into English. The purpose of this research is to describe how the Indonesian compound word is translated into English and to describe the techniques used by the translator in translating compound words into English. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. Sources of the data are taken from the novel Gadis Pantai by Pramoedya Ananta Toer. From the result of this research, it can be inferred that the translation of Indonesian compound words into English words are the translation of Indonesian compound words into English compound words. In this research, there are twelve patterns in rendering the Indonesian compound words into English: Nomina + Nomina = Noun, Nomina + Adjektiva = Verb, Nomina + Nomina = Adjective, Nomina + Nomina = Verb, Nomina + Verbal = Noun, Nomina + Adjektiva = Adjective, Nomina + Adjektiva = Noun, Adjektiva + Nomina = Adjective, Adjektiva + Nomina = Noun, Adjektiva + Adjektiva = Noun, Adjektiva + Adjektiva = Adjective and Adjektiva + Adjektiva = Adverb. The translation technique used in translating Indonesian compound words into English is a literal translation that involves a change in grammar from a source language to a target language.

With the rapid development of Internet media, the hot words on the Internet have become a problem in translation and cross-cultural communication. A large number of Internet hot words are emerging, which not only bring people a lot of joy, but also have a great impact on foreign cultural exchanges. Based on the analysis of the phenomenon of Internet hot words, this paper puts forward some strategies and methods for the translation of new words according to the translation theory. This paper uses Nida's functional equivalence theory to explore the English translation of Chinese Internet buzzwords. Based on this, three methods of translating such words are put forward, namely literal translation, transliteration and creative translation. Based on the analysis of the causes and characteristics of the popularity of Chinese Internet hot words, this paper puts forward specific translation strategies and techniques according to the guiding principles of the translation of hot words based on the theory of use and satisfaction. The experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of translation.

This research deals with the translation method of noun phrase found in Everything, Everything novel by Nichola Yoon into Indonesian. This study aims to identify translation methods of noun phrases. The data were taken from Everything, Everything novel by Nichola Yoon. Theory of translation method by Newmark (1988) is used to analyze the data found. Descriptive qualitative method is used to analyze the translation methods of noun phrases. As the result, all the eight types of translation methods of noun phrases are found with total of the data are 776 data which is percentage were 70 data (9.0%) for Word-For- Word Translation, 139 data (17,9%) for Literal Translation, 516 data (66,5%) for Faithful
 Translation, 1 data (0,1%) for Semantic Translation, 1 data (0,1%) for Adaptation translation, 46 data (5,9%) for Free Translation, 2 data (0,2%) for Idiomatic Translation, and 1 data (0,1) for Communicative translation.

This study deals with word formation and translation of neologisms in dystopian literature on the example of Aldous Huxley’s novel Brave New World and its Croatian translation. Its aim is to provide an insight into lexical innovation in dystopias and their translations by relying on Millward’s (2007) theory of dystopian neology. Based on Millward’s theoretical model, the study hypothesizes that coinage is the least frequent, and derivation the most frequent word formation process among source text neologisms. The third hypothesis states that literal translation and lexical creation are the most productive translation procedures. The research consists of extracting source text neologisms and their translations and analyzing the employed word formation processes and translation procedures. The findings show that compounding is the most prolific creation process in source text neologisms, while coinage and conversion are not used at all. The extracted neologisms are mostly rendered through literal translation and borrowing.

Translation is not only the changeover of languages but the transmission of cultural. Different cultural concepts, properties of ethics and language, thinking patterns form different context culture, such as linguistic culture, custom, and material culture. The translation of culture-loaded words brings difficulties and great challenge to translators. This paper takes Park Wan-Seo`s novel The Man`s House in Chinese version as a example, discusses how to improve the degree of cultural equivalence in literary translation in order that readers can fully appreciate foreign culture. makes an analysis of the application of equivalence theory in K-C literary translation. It can be seen that the translators have adopted paraphrase, literal translation, subtraction and addition so as to make the translation closes to the style of the source, bridging the gap of response between the readers of translation and of the original. The theory of translation equivalence regards translation as a communicative act employed across time and language. In literary translation, we have to consider the complexity of culture and holding a harmonious and complementary attitude of translation, Understanding and respect to alien culture, use the equivalence theory as a reference to a translation, not a standard.

The Three-Body Problems is a representative work of Liu Cixin, who is a Chinese science fiction writer. This novel tells that humans have triggered the signal of contacting with the three-body civilization outside the universe, so they start a desperate struggle to save the earth. The translation of this book won the 73rd Hugo Award for Best Novel after translated by Liu Yukun, who is a Chinese-American writer. The translator adopted different translation methods to represent the original text to improve the readability and appreciation of the book. The readers not only can obtain the content and but also can feel the writing style of the author while reading. At the same time, the popularity of its English version of also promotes the international process of Chinese science fiction. From the perspective of Morris' semiotic, this article analyzes some cases in English version of this book through semiotic trichotomy to discuss the role of the translator's subjectivity. Morris explained the concepts of syntactics, semantic and pragmatics, which refer to the relationship between the different signs, the signs and referent, signs and interpreter respectively in the Foundation of the Theory of Signs. Translator's Subjectivity refers to a kind of subjective initiative shown by the translator who is the main part in translation process and wants to achieve the translation aims. The author of this article finds some translation phenomena that the translator changes the original content appropriately, resolves the differences between different culture by exerting his creative role in the translation to make the translation closer to the culture and reading habits of target readers. Therefore, the author categorized these different translation phenomena according to the linguistic meaning, designative meaning and pragmatic meaning: Firstly, it is divided into recombination of science fiction elements and synesthesia of dynamic parts of speech according to the relationship of different language signs. The writer often creates some science fiction words that are beyond the real world. The translator uses the method of word-building and reorganizes the root and meaning while dealing with such words. Focusing on some words that the original author uses ABAB-type words to simulate the sound effect, the translator adopts the descriptive explanation to reach the semantic equivalence trough the verb nominalization. Secondly, Referential meaning and literal meaning are not equivalent because of the difference between the language and culture according to the relationship of signs and referents. This article analyzes the translation method of idioms and a two-part allegorical saying in source text. The translator must possess bilingual language and cultural knowledge, analyzing the referential meaning of source text and giving the interpretant by considering context in different language culture, so that reach the equivalence of designative meaning and make up the language vacancy. Thirdly, it is divided into adjustment of chronological order and structure in text as well as annotation on diachronic words. The writer adopts the narrative method of interposition. The translator adjusts the time and space development order of the narrative and revises the frame structure of the original text narrative without changing the meaning. And the translator also divides the article into three parts which reflect the translator's understanding and recreating for source text. In recent years, most of domestic researches focus on the theoretical interpretation and application of Saussure and Pierce's semiotics. There are relatively few literatures that combine Morris semiotics with translation. Moreover, there is no research that combines semiotics with translator's subjectivity. It is a new field to study the literary translation by using semiotics. It is helpful to study the literary translation due to the strong practice guidance and operability of Morris' semiotics. The research in this article expands the research scope of semiotics to a certain extent. It also enriches the research field of semiotics and provides a new theoretical perspective for translation research of science fiction literature.

With the increasing frequency of exchanges and cooperation between China and ASEAN countries, the accurate translation of ASEAN culture-loaded words has become critically important for effective cross-cultural communication. This study aims to identify scientific and systematic translation strategies for ASEAN culture-loaded words from the perspective of pragmatic translation. Through a comprehensive analysis of a diverse range of ASEAN cultural texts, this study selects multiple representative culture-loaded words for examination. Grounded in the theoretical framework of pragmatic translation and the characteristics of ASEAN culture-loaded words, this study proposes three primary translation strategies: transliteration with annotations, literal translation with explanations, and free translation with supplemented cultural background information. Employing a qualitative case-study approach, this study demonstrates that these strategies can effectively enhance the translation quality and readability of ASEAN culture-loaded words while preserving cultural uniqueness and ensuring effective pragmatic function in communication. These findings provide both theoretical insights for translation studies and practical solutions for fostering mutual understanding in China-ASEAN exchanges.