Abstract
This study demonstrates how to design pores in building materials so that incoming fresh air can be efficiently tempered with low-grade heat while conduction losses are kept to a minimum. Any base material can be used in principle, so long as it can be manufactured with millimeter-scale air channels. The channel-pores are optimized according to the thermal conductivity of the base material, the dimensions of the panel, and the suction pressure sustained by a given fan or a chimney. A water circuit is integrated at the interior surface to ensure direct thermal contact and prevent radiant discomfort. Correlations from the thermal sciences literature were used to optimize the size and distribution of channel-pores in wood, glass, and concrete test panels. The measurements showed good agreement with theory and were presented in a general form so that designers can predict the steady-state performance of any optimal design in sensible heat-transfer mode. Schlieren imaging was used to characterize the different regimes of mixed convection at the interior and exterior surface. The data explain the discrepancy between prediction and measurement in the dynamic insulation literature, and how the integrated water circuit overcomes these problems. Surface heat-flux measurements were correlated in a general form so that designers can account for convection at the interior and exterior surface.
Highlights
Modern enclosures are designed as insulators and made from layers of different materials
Before it can pass heat to the air flowing through it, a porous material must first receive heat at one face
Natural and forced convection are in competition, and at a certain point, they cancel each other out, so there is no convective heat transfer between the room and the surface
Summary
Modern enclosures are designed as insulators and made from layers of different materials. It might be better to design them as heat exchangers, using one base material that can perform several functions. This paper details a method for designing building materials as heat exchangers, so that incoming fresh air can be efficiently tempered with low-grade heat while conduction losses are kept to a minimum. The first experiment measures the convection at the surface of a porous heated plate as air is sucked or blown through the pores. The results are correlated to characterize the different kinds of convection between a room and a porous wall. This is important because, in order to transfer heat to the air flowing through it, a porous material must first receive heat at one face. Precedents in the building science literature underestimate the importance and complexity of the first transfer stage
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