Branding through endorsers: deploying endorser-related MGC to drive product sales

In this paper, we propose an economic model to analyse the sales out of new products. This model accounts for the fact that even among firms for which R&D is a permanent activity, a fraction of firms does not have sales of innovative products during a two-year observation period. We propose a model in which the fixed costs of introduction is a major concern in the decision making process. In a structural model we estimate the fixed costs of the market introduction of new products and explain subsequent sales of innovative products. We examine a indicator of innovative output, i.e. sales of products 'new to the firm'. We estimate fixed costs thresholds using data from the Dutch part of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) from 1998. R&D intensity, competition and market structure have a positive impact on sales of new products. The most important factors to decrease the fixed costs threshold of introduction are product related R&D investments, R&D subsidies and knowledge spillovers.

This paper discusses a model for analysing the sales of new products. This model accounts for the fact that, even among those companies with permanent R&D activities, a fraction of the firms did not have sales of innovative products over a two-year observation period. We propose a model in which the fixed costs of introduction are a major concern in the decision-making process. We apply a censored regression model, extended by a firm-specific threshold. We use a structural model to estimate the fixed costs of introducing new products to the market, and explain subsequent sales of innovative products. We examine an indicator of innovative output, i.e. the sales of products ‘new to the firm’. We estimate fixed cost thresholds by using data from the Dutch section of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) of 1998. R&D intensity, competition, and market structure all have a positive impact on the sales of new products. The most important factors that reduce the fixed cost threshold of introduction are product-related R&D investments, R&D subsidies, and knowledge spillovers.

This study aims to assess the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumption of self-care products for pediculosis capitis management, in Portugal. A segmented regression analysis of interrupted time series (March 2020) was performed from January 2017 to August 2023 to analyze the short- and long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumption of pediculicides and related products. Monthly rates of absolute consumption were estimated by community pharmacies’ dispensing records. Portuguese municipalities were organized into quintiles according to their purchasing power index and percentage of youth, to study the association of these social and demographic variables on the sale of these products. COVID-19 pandemic significantly reduced the sales of products indicated for pediculosis. Since the start of the pandemic, an absolute decrease of 21.0 thousand packages was observed in the monthly average consumption (p < 0.0001) compared to the pre-pandemic period. After this reduction, the average monthly trend increased in the pandemic period in comparison with the previous period, although not significant (267.0 packages per month, p = 0.1102). Regions with higher disposable income and more young people were associated with higher sales of these products. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a notable impact on the sales of self-care products for pediculosis capitis in Portugal, in the short term. The lockdowns and other isolation measures implemented to control the spread of the virus may have led to a decrease in the number of head lice cases, consequently resulting in a reduction in sales of products.

PT. Unilever is a multinational company headquartered in Rotterdam, the Netherlands (under the name Unilever N.V.), London, England (under the name Unilever pic.) And in Indonesia has a subsidiary, PT. Unilever, Tbk was established on December 5, 1933. Unilever produces food, drinks, cleaners, and also body care. Unilever is the third largest producer of household goods in the world, if based on the amount of revenue in 2012, behind P &amp; G and Nestle. In forecasting products, it is often influenced by the sale of these products because there are also changes in sales for each period. Usually there is an increase in sales of these products which, among other things, is caused by price discounts, new products, one free one to buy promo, or a saving package from Unilever or from a rival company. Data collection method used by the author is a method of observation or directly observing the process of transmission, interview methods and literature study methods. While the method for processing data uses fuzzy time series algorithms, context diagrams, data flow diagrams, HIPO, relational diagram entities, data dictionary design, input design, output design, relation diagrams between tables, system implementation and testing. The method for implementation uses vb.net and Mysql. The results of this thesis are a system for calculating the forecasting amount of sales or sales of promo products for the following year. From this system, information on store data, item data, sales year history data, and forecasting data from fuzzy time series data will be displayed.. From rinso goods promotion data which have been calculated using fuzzy time series method which get MAPE value equal to 3,2%, so sales data for category of goods will experience increase based on calculation equal to 3,2%.

Understanding Retail Managers’ Role in the Sales of Products and Services

The high instability of the annual indicators of agricultural production is emphasized, in this regard, the analysis of production and sales of products in the industry has its own characteristics, which should be taken into account both for educational purposes and in production conditions. It is important to estimate annual changes in indicators for each crop using graphs based on trend equations. The paper proposes a method of research and comparison of indicators in the starting and final periods of the study. It is also proposed to carry out calculations of the average annual moving indicators, which allows to a certain extent to smooth out the annual extreme values. The article proposes a methodology for calculating the potential indicators of production and sales of products, on the basis of which the available reserves for their growth are estimated. The proposed analysis is supported by a graphical research method.

Проаналізовано та обґрунтовано поняття еколого-безпечного експортного виробництва лісогосподарських підприємств, як такого, за якого фінансові надходження від реалізації експортної продукції є на рівні, що дає змогу відшкодовувати витрати на виробництво і реалізацію цієї продукції, витрати на відтворення лісу і на відновлення корисних соціальних та екологічних функцій лісу, які внаслідок вирубок понесли відповідні втрати. Встановлено, що для забезпечення екологічно безпечного функціонування лісових екосистем у процесі експортної діяльності лісогосподарських підприємств фінансові надходження від реалізації експортної продукції повинні повністю компенсувати виробничі втрати (вилучені деревинні ресурси), а також втрати соціальних і екологічних функцій лісу. Систематизовано еколого-економічні фактори, які впливають на безпеку експортної діяльності лісогосподарських підприємств, а також проаналізовано величину і характер цього впливу. Запропоновано та обґрунтовано методику оцінювання рівня екологічної безпеки експортної діяльності, яка базується на розрахунку коефіцієнта рівня екологічної безпеки підприємства. Ця методика передбачає здійснення комплексного оцінювання безпеки експортної діяльності показниками, що враховують ступінь екологічної загрози від виробничого навантаження на лісові екосистеми в процесі виробництва лісопродукції на експорт і ступінь навантаження від експортної діяльності на соціальні та екологічні функції лісу. Запропонована методика розрахунку рівня екологічної загрози від експортної діяльності лісогосподарських підприємств з урахуванням впливу зазначених факторів дає змогу оцінити стан еколого-економічної безпеки експортної діяльності цих підприємств. Така оцінка слугуватиме передумовою для розроблення та прийняття підприємством необхідних управлінських рішень для підвищення ефективності експортної діяльності на засадах сталого розвитку. Запропоновану методику можна використати для оцінювання стану еколого-економічної безпеки експортної діяльності підприємств суміжних галузей національного господарства для прийняття ними адекватних управлінських рішень.

Introduction. The successful functioning and competitiveness of any enterprise in the agricultural sector directly depends on the coordinated interaction of all subsystems of the enterprise, including logistics. The introduction of pandemic quarantine due to COVID-19 and military operations in Ukraine forced the economy to adapt to a different mode of operation. However, some industries cannot fully transition to remote modes. Logistics cannot yet be fully virtualized. Along with the transition to the most remote mode of operation, the delivery of consumer goods and personal orders continues, which challenges enterprises to find ways to improve logistics activities. Purpose. Based on the conducted research and analysis, develop a mathematical model for finding the best suboptimal solutions for the problem of reducing the transport costs of agricultural enterprises during the transportation (sale) of products. Methodology. In the process of the research, an economic-mathematical model was built on the example of a production-transportation problem on the optimization of the transportation plan of some homogeneous products directly from suppliers to consumers, on the example of the activity of the agricultural enterprise PPC "Agrocentr" in the Dnipropetrovsk region. The model was tested on the statistical data of the company's work for 2021, modern Microsoft Excel spreadsheet software was used, namely, the Solution Search tool and Google Sheets tools. Results. It has been proven that the results of the optimization of the product transportation plan make it possible to use the production potential of the enterprise in the most effective way and ensure the lowest costs during the sale of products. Such a model can be used to analyze the activity of any agricultural enterprise, for different periods of time, and will also reveal the features of the transportation of products not only of the enterprise, but also of its individual divisions, and in addition, it makes it possible to make management decisions at various stages of production and sales of products.

Although pasteurization eliminates pathogens and consumption of nonpasteurized dairy products is uncommon, dairy-associated disease outbreaks continue to occur. To determine the association of outbreaks caused by nonpasteurized dairy products with state laws regarding sale of these products, we reviewed dairy-associated outbreaks during 1993-2006. We found 121 outbreaks for which the product's pasteurization status was known; among these, 73 (60%) involved nonpasteurized products and resulted in 1,571 cases, 202 hospitalizations, and 2 deaths. A total of 55 (75%) outbreaks occurred in 21 states that permitted sale of nonpasteurized products; incidence of nonpasteurized product-associated outbreaks was higher in these states. Nonpasteurized products caused a disproportionate number (≈150× greater/unit of product consumed) of outbreaks and outbreak-associated illnesses and also disproportionately affected persons <20 years of age. States that restricted sale of nonpasteurized products had fewer outbreaks and illnesses; stronger restrictions and enforcement should be considered.

The article shows the role of economic and statistical analysis of production and sales of products in ensuring the economic security of an agricultural enterprise. The methodological tools of such analysis are presented, as well as the results of economic and statistical research of indicators of production and sales of agricultural products of one of the leading enterprises in the south of the Rostov region. Conclusions are made on the dynamics of volumes of production and sales of crop products in the farm, their variations, the results of correlation-regression, index and factor analysis are presented, a forecast of prices for wheat grain is built using the method of analytical alignment. The results of operational analysis are presented, on the basis of which critical sales volumes and the price of grain on the market are determined, corresponding to the break-even functioning of the farm, that is, the threshold limit of the level of its economic security.

The implementation of the cluster approach is quite relevant in connection with the need to ensure economic and energy security of the state in general and the fuel and energy complex of the country in particular. A promising area for strengthening the energy security of the state is the development of bioenergy. One of the main problems of bioenergy is the uneven distribution and redistribution of raw materials and products of bioenergy. Both problems are most clearly manifested in territorial aspects. But at the same time, they lead to another serious problem - the inconsistency of production and sale of bioenergy products, and hence the impossibility of implementation and development of bioenergy. The article reveals the taxonomy of cluster formations in the economy. The question of the possibility of forming bioenergy clusters of biofuel production from bioenergy crops and wastes is described. It is established that the founder of the cluster approach was A. Marshall. Approaches to the interpretation of the concept of «cluster» of leading world and domestic scientists, as well as international organizations have been studied. The general structure of the cluster is described and the groups of interacting subjects of the bioenergy cluster are determined. The model of the territorial bioenergy cluster of biofuel production from agricultural crops and wastes is formed, its features and reconfiguration are determined. The advantages of creating bioenergy clusters are identified. All links of the cluster should increase the profitability and competitiveness of the industry’s products, ensure the sale of bioenergy products and find the most optimal and most profitable options for the production and sale of products. A PEST matrix of analysis of bioenergy clusters formation is constructed. The main bases of state support of bioenergy clusters are determined. The All-Ukrainian Research and Training Consortium Educational Research and Production Complex is described as an example of a cluster that ensures the development of bioenergy. Prospects for the formation of bioenergy clusters for the production of biofuels from crops and waste in Ukraine are identified.

The article is devoted to the study of marketing sales activities of agribusiness enterprises. The article is aimed at studying the essence and application of marketing in the sale of products of agribusiness enterprises and improving marketing sales activities in modern conditions. It is identified that in modern conditions of increased level of competition, the presence of foreign producers on the market, the increase in the cost of factors of agricultural production, high dependence on natural and climatic conditions and a number of other factors cause the need for agricultural enterprises to use marketing for their own activities. It is substantiated that marketing for agribusiness enterprises becomes one of the conditions for successful functioning in market conditions, the use of which allows to reorganize all production and economic activities taking into account the requirements put forward by the market, and to ensure the effective sale of agricultural products. The introduction of marketing elements into the system of sales activities of the enterprise increases the efficiency of production management through thoughtful step-by-step planning and effective control in the implementation of the planned activities. The article examines the issues of the peculiarities of marketing activities in the sale of products of agribusiness enterprises. The essence of the concept of «agrimarketing» as a system of management of activities in the agricultural market, regulation of market processes and market study is defined. The prerequisites for the emergence and purpose of marketing activities in the field of agribusiness are determined. The essence of sales of products of agribusiness enterprises is characterized. It is substantiated that marketing, as a complex managerial activity, serves the result, i. e., the sale of products. The directions of improvement of the product sales system and the scheme of marketing organization at the agribusiness enterprise are determined. Solving the problems of marketing agricultural products will allow the enterprise to develop cost-effective means, tools and measures to promote manufactured products. By studying the various aspects faced by the enterprise, marketing helps to save money on the production and sale of products in pre-inefficient areas. The efficiency of sales activities of enterprises working in the field of agriculture depends on the efficiency of the agrimarketing system as a whole.

The High-tech Industrial Development Districts (HIDDs) are technological engines for the regional economy in China. The Chinese government implemented the Torch Initiative to accelerate industrial agglomeration and innovation development by administratively upgrading the local HIDDs into a national list since 1989. The policy intervention emphasizes the labor and capital inputs on science and technology. The study adopts the Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) to understand the economic efficiency of the enlisted national HIDDs in the Yangtze River Delta. The results suggest that the average efficiency trends of the all-in-total sales, product sales and commodity sales are decreasing while that of technology sales is increasing from 2007 to 2019. In the total sales efficiency evaluation, most early-enrolled HIDDs are in the high-efficiency group whereas the newcomers are in the low-efficiency group. The Nantong HIDD has the highest efficiency, followed by Wuxi, Taizhou, Suzhou, Nanjing, Shanghai ZJ, Xiaoshan, Ningbo, Suzhou IP and Jiangyin HIDDs. Huainan, Huaian, Tongling, Shanghai ZZ, Lianyungang and Suqian HIDDs rank very low in the total sales evaluation. Besides, Hangzhou, Nantong and Ningbo HIDDs rank first in the technology, product and commodity sales efficiency evaluation correspondingly. In addition, the increase of S&T labor inputs would decrease the efficiency of the product, commodity and total sales while the increase of the S&T capital inputs is as expected a facilitator to the efficiency of product, commodity and total sales. This study contributes to the discussion on the role of political intervention in technological innovation by breaking down the economic efficiency into three major parts, the efficiency of technology, product and commodity sales. The findings could help policymakers strike a balance between the human and capital inputs in regional innovation capability.

CVS becomes CVS Health, ends tobacco sales early

Despite the popular use of product sampling as a promotional strategy by retailers, existing research has only studied offline sampling of physical goods and online sampling of information goods, but overlooked online sampling of physical goods. We thus assemble a rich panel-level data set from Taobao to quantify the sales impact of online sampling of physical goods. Based on multiple identification strategies and estimation methods, we find robust evidence that online sampling promotion has a positive relationship with product sales. Specifically, a 1% increase in the number of free samples provided of a product is related to a 0.106% increase in the product’s sales quantity. Additionally, online sampling promotion has the largest sales impact for experience products (sales elasticity = 0.291), followed by search products (sales elasticity = 0.092), and then credence products (insignificant sales elasticity). Furthermore, product popularity does not moderate the sales impact of online sampling, but is twice as effective as online sampling in driving product sales. Our empirical findings provide important contributions to existing product sampling literature, and offer critical managerial implications to online retailers’ promotional strategies.