Abstract
Sir Hugh Cairns, in introducing Almeida Lima's book Cerebral Angiography (Oxford University Press, 1949)—the first English textbook on the subject—wrote: “The reader cannot but be impressed at how much was discovered in the early stages in Lisbon, and how little has since been added.” Lima is said to have performed the first (cut-down) carotid angiogram in England in the 1930s during the 3 years that he spent in London acquiring neurosurgical skills from Cairns. However, Lima himself credited Norman Dott, the Edinburgh neurosurgeon, as being the British pioneer.
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