Book review: Exercise and sporting activity during pregnancy. Evidence-based guidelines. Editor: Rita Santos-Rocha, Publisher: Springer, 2019, 345 pages

Orthorexia nervosa (OrNe), the obsessive fixation on healthy eating, and exercise addiction (ExAdd) have been discussed as correlated excessive health behaviors with potential mental health implications. The role of gender-and sports-specific differences remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the links of ExAdd, OrNe, and the non-pathological interest in healthy eating (healthy orthorexia; HeOr) with well-being and exercise activity in various sports, considering gender effects. Data from two cross-sectional online surveys were combined (N = 1,064, 73.5% women, age = 28.23 ± 11.09), measuring ExAdd (Exercise Addiction Inventory Revised), OrNe and HeOr (Teruel Orthorexia Scale), well-being (WHO-5 Well-Being Index), exercise activity and sports (Physical Activity, Exercise, and Sport Questionnaire). Well-being correlated with OrNe among women (r = -0.291) and not meaningfully with ExAdd and HeOr among men. Gender differences were not significant, except for the higher correlation of ExAdd with exercise activity in resistance and fitness sports among men. Regression analyses revealed that exercise activity, especially in health, resistance and fitness sports, was linked to HeOr, but not to OrNe. ExAdd was associated with exercise activity in endurance, resistance and fitness, ball and team, antigravitation, technical, aesthetic sports, and martial arts. Men's well-being may slightly benefit from ExAdd and an interest in healthy eating, while obsessive healthy eating may reduce women's well-being. Although exercise activity is associated with ExAdd in a wide variety of sports, it does not explain the link between ExAdd and OrNe. Preventive measures should consider gender-specific risks in excessive health behaviors.

Few studies have shown that exercise withdrawal and forced inactivity lead to negative mood states and increased symptoms of depression. Involuntary inactivity has become reality for millions during the Covid-19 pandemic, as mitigation and containment policies included the closings of sports facilities and leisure infrastructures. Based on representative survey data from Germany (≥14 years, N = 1001), the paper addresses the changes in sport and exercise activities in the pandemic situation and their association with emotional well-being. Findings show a reduced level of emotional well-being in the German population during the Covid-19 pandemic. In particular, those individuals who stopped or considerably reduced their sport and exercise activities during the pandemic report a significant decline of well-being compared to the time before the pandemic. Individuals, who reduced sport and exercise due to external constraints, reported the largest decline in well-being. In contrast, the small group of individuals who intensified their sporting activities during the pandemic stands out with the most positive well-being levels. Irrespective of sport and exercise adaptations, findings additionally show that females report a steeper decline in well-being during the crisis compared to men.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate parents’ expectations about general sport activities for their pre-school children. It is well documented that the awareness of sports knowledge of the parents are essential for the development of healthy life and acquiring a social dimension with a growth of healthy generations. Method: We administrated the ‘’Parents' Expectations of Their Children Questionnaire’’ developed by Keskin (2006). The questionnaire was a Likert type scale from ‘’totally agree’’ to ‘’totally disagree’’ and validity and reliability studies were reported by Keskin as Cronbach’s alpha was 0,86. A total of 125 participants (male; N = 39, M age = 35, 24 ± 5,48 , female; N = 86 and M age =37,92 ± 6,65) were voluntarily participated from 10 different kinder gardens in Bursa province. The evaluation of the data was analysed with the Chi Square Test. Result: Our results revealed a statistical differences (p < .05) according to the sex groups of parents ‘’ I believe my child will gain good eating habits by getting involved with sports activities’’ and age groups of parents; ‘’I believe by getting involved with sport activities, my child will stay away from psychological stress’’ . Conclusion : According to parents’ belief and their expectations, attending sports activities for children provides physical, cognitive and social development for them. Developing countries (as well as developed ones) that are aware of the role of the parents on development of human being via sport and exercise activities should take into account their expectations especially in terms of sports policies. Article visualizations:

Background: People with mental disorders engage in sedentary behaviors more often than their healthy counterparts. In Switzerland, nearly all psychiatric hospitals offer structured exercise and sport therapy as part of their standard therapeutic treatment. However, little is known about the degree to which psychiatric patients make use of these treatment offers. The aim of this study is to examine, in a sample of psychiatric in-patients (a) how many participate in the structured exercise and sport therapy programs offered by the clinic, (b) how many engage in exercise and sport activities on an individual basis, and (c) how many meet recommended levels of health-enhancing physical activity during their stay at the clinic. Furthermore, we examine whether those who engage in exercise and sport activities are more likely to meet internationally accepted physical activity recommendations.Methods: 107 psychiatric in-patients (49% women, Mage = 39.9 years) were recruited at three psychiatric clinics in the German-speaking part of Switzerland. All participants were engaged in treatment and received usual care. Based on accelerometer data, participants were classified as either meeting or not meeting physical activity recommendations (≥150 min of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week). Participation in structured and individually performed exercise and sport activities was assessed with the Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire.Results: In total, 57% of all patients met physical activity recommendations. 55% participated in structured exercise and sport therapy activities, whereas only 22% of all patients engaged in exercise and sport activities independently. Psychiatric patients were significantly more likely to meet recommended levels of health-enhancing physical activity if they engaged in at least 60 min per week of structured exercise and sport therapy or in at least 30 min of individually performed exercise and sport activity.Conclusions: Given that prolonged immobilization and sedentary behavior have harmful effects on patients' physical and mental well-being, promoting exercise and sport activities is an important endeavor in psychiatric care. Clinics currently succeed in involving between 50 and 60% of all patients in sufficient physical activity. While this is encouraging, more systematic efforts are needed to ensure that all patients get enough physical activity.

This is the first of a two-part series on the history and effectiveness of mouthguards (MGs) for orofacial injury protection. Military studies have shown that approximately 60% of orofacial injuries are associated with military training activities and 20% to 30% with sports. MGs are hypothesized to reduce orofacial injuries by separating the upper and lower dentation, preventing tooth fractures, redistributing and absorbing the force of direct blows to the mouth, and separating teeth from soft tissue, preventing lacerations and bruises. In 1975, CPT Leonard Barber was the first to advocate MGs for military sports activities. In 1998, Army health promotion campaigns promoted MG education and fabrication. A US Army basic training study in 2000-2003 showed that more MG use could reduce orofacial injuries and the Army Training and Doctrine Command subsequently required that basic trainees be issued and use MGs. Army Regulation 600-63 currently directs commanders to enforce MG use during training and sports activities that could involve orofacial injuries. In the civilian sector, MGs were first used by boxers and then were required for football. MGs are currently required nationally for high school and college football, field hockey, ice hockey, and lacrosse, and are recommended for 29 sport and exercise activities.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to an increase of digitally supported home-based sport and exercise activities. This paper asks how these digital sport and exercise (DSE) offers are experienced by consumers and compares the experiential value of DSE activities with similar on-site, offline sport and exercise (OSE) activities. The paper is based on cross-sectional online survey data from active members of two university sports centers in Germany. Findings reveal that a relative strength of DSE compared to similar OSE offers is the higher degree of autonomy experienced by users. However, this comes at the expense of the social, physical, affective, competence, and motivational experience. DSE courses are somewhat better rated by self-disciplined and healthy individuals, but lower rated by participants with a high motor competence. Overall, data lend support to the notion that DSE was just a stopgap for many during the lockdowns. For becoming a real alternative to on-site sports, DSE offers should be developed further in such a way that emotional and social experiences are enhanced.

The psychological side of sport.

BackgroundDespite the ongoing promotion of physical activity, the rates of physical inactivity remain high. Drawing on established methods of analysing consumer behaviour, this study seeks to understand how physical activity competes for finite time in a day – how Exercise and Sport compete with other everyday behaviours, and how engagement in physical activity is shared across Exercise and Sport activities. As targeted efforts are common in physical activity intervention and promotion, the existence of segmentation is also explored.MethodsTime-use recall data (n = 2307 adults) is analysed using the Duplication of Behaviour Law, and tested against expected values, to document what proportion of the population that engage in one activity, also engage in another competing activity. Additionally, a Mean Absolute Deviation approach is used to test for segmentation.ResultsThe Duplication of Behaviour Law is evident for everyday activities, and Exercise and Sport activities – all activities ‘compete’ with each other, and the prevalence of the competing activity determines the extent of competition. However, some activities compete more or less than expected, suggesting the combinations of activities that should be used or avoided in promotion efforts. Competition between everyday activities is predictable, and there are no specific activities that are sacrificed to engage in Exercise and Sport. How people share their physical activity across different Exercise and Sport activities is less predictable – Males and younger people (under 20 years) are more likely to engage in Exercise and Sport, and those who engage in Exercise and Sport are slightly more likely to Work and Study. High competition between Team Sports and Non-Team Sports suggests strong preferences for sports of different varieties. Finally, gender and age-based segmentation does not exist for Exercise and Sport relative to other everyday activities; however, segmentation does exist for Team Sports, Games, Active Play and Dance.ConclusionsThe Duplication of Behaviour Law demonstrates that population-level patterns of behaviour can yield insight into the competition between different activities, and how engagement in physical activity is shared across different Exercise and Sport activities. Such insights can be used to describe and predict physical activity behaviour and may be used to inform and evaluate promotion and intervention.

This study assessed the independent associations between participation in self-reported sport and exercise activities and incident cardiovascular disease (CVD). Data were from 13,204 participants in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study cohort (1987-2015). Baseline sport and exercise activities were assessed via the modified Baecke questionnaire. Incident CVD included coronary heart disease, heart failure, or stroke. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazard models assessed the association of participation in specific sport and exercise activities at enrollment with risk of CVD. During a median follow-up time of 25.2 years, 30% of the analytic sample (n = 3966) was diagnosed with incident CVD. In fully adjusted models, participation in racquet sports (hazard ratio [HR] 0.75; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.61-0.93), aerobics (HR 0.75; 95% CI, 0.63-0.88), running (HR 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54-0.85), and walking (HR 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.95) was significantly associated with a lower risk of CVD. There were no significant associations for bicycling, softball/baseball, gymnastics, swimming, basketball, calisthenics exercises, golfing with cart, golfing with walking, bowling, or weight training. Participation in specific sport and exercises may substantially reduce the risk for CVD.

Strategies to Increase Children's Interest in Sports and Physical Activity are important issues in the world of health and education. Exercise and physical activity are essential to children's growth and health, but often their interest in them is low. The study aims to analyze the factors influencing a child's interest in physical activity and sports and provide strategies to increase their interest. The results of the study show that the environment, education, and the role of parents have a great influence on children's interest in physical activity and sports. Increasing students' interest in sports in junior high schools is an important goal for PJOK teachers. This can help students develop physical fitness, mental health, and essential skills such as teamwork and discipline. Therefore, PJOK teachers can apply several strategies, such as creating a fun and positive atmosphere, providing various types of sports, involving students in the learning process, using technology, creating competitive sports activities, and giving rewards or rewards. By implementing this strategy, it is hoped that students will be more motivated to participate in sports activities and develop important skills. In order to increase students' interest in sports in junior high schools, PJOK teachers need to make constant efforts to improve the quality of learning and create a conducive environment for students to participate in sports activities

Background Total knee replacement is the only surgical option to treat painful degenerative osteoarthritis, restore knee function, improve quality of life, and enable patients to return to sports activity. With an aging population expecting an active life after retirement, patients' expectations of improvement after surgery are increasing as well. In view of the growing demand for higher performance, exercise and athletic activity, clinicians have been increasingly forced to question how much athletic activity a patient may resume after total knee replacement, and what types of athletic activity seem to be acceptable. However, there is currently no consensus on the appropriate intensity of physical activity after total knee arthroplasty or how activity levels affect the rate of revision surgery. Patients, material and methods In a retrospective study with a follow-up period of 12 years, 130 patients were asked about their sport activities 22 months before and after total knee replacement. Based on their answers, the patients were divided into one sports group (group A) and one group without any sports activity (group B). Seven years after surgery the same patients were asked about their sports activity again, and 12 years postoperatively they were additionally asked about whether or not they underwent revision surgery. Results Twenty-two months after total knee replacement 88 (67.7 %) of the 130 patients practiced sports for a minimum of 3 times a week (group A), whereas 42 (32.3 %) patients reported that they practiced no sports (group B). In 2010 - 7 years postoperatively - 60 patients of group A and 27 patients of group B took part in the survey; their levels of sports activity had not changed over the previous 7 years. In 2015, 46 patients out of group A and 21 patients out of group B were questioned. We saw a revision rate of 15.2 % (7 out of 46 patients) in the group with continuous sports activity, whereas we found an increased revision rate of 23.8 % (5 out of 21 patients) in the group without any sports activity 12years after total knee arthroplasty. Conclusion Our study showed that sports activity after total knee replacement led to a reduced revision rate in the sports group compared with the non-sports group. Therefore, more liberal recommendations should be given to patients regarding athletic activity after total knee arthroplasty. We conclude that moderate sports activities have no negative influence on total knee arthroplasty and may even lead to improved osteointegration with a decrease in osteolytic changes and less prosthesis loosening.

We examined the associations between participation in different sports and exercise activities and neck, shoulder, and low back pains in adolescents. This population-based study included the members of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, who, at the age of 15 to 16 yr, completed a questionnaire including items about their musculoskeletal pains and participation in various sport and exercise activities (N = 6945). Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate how musculoskeletal pains are associated a) with participation in a certain type of sport or exercise activity and b) with the clusters formed by latent class analysis (LCA) according to the adolescents' profiles of participation in different sport and exercise activities. Participation in certain sports showed some direct and inverse associations with musculoskeletal pains when adjusted for participation in other sports and for the amount of physical activity. However, after grouping the individuals into clusters by their participation in different sports, these associations vanished. Only the cluster characterized by boys' active participation in several sports (i.e., ice hockey, cycling, ice-skating, soccer, floorball, rinkball/bandy, swimming, roller-skating/skateboarding, Finnish baseball) had lower prevalence of neck pain compared with the physically inactive group. Physically active adolescents usually engage in several different sport and exercise activities, which make associations between single sports and musculoskeletal pains inconsequential in the general population of adolescents. Participation in several sports seemed to protect from harmful effects of a single risk sport. However, this finding cannot be generalized to adolescent elite athletes who are often involved in intense training for a single sport.

The purpose of this study is to systematically retrieve, examine and discuss scientific studies focusing on motivational correlates that both contribute to, and can be assumed to be effects of, participation in sport, recreation, or health-related physical activities in persons with intellectual disability (ID). A systematic analysis of the literature retrieved through electronic databases and other resources was performed, covering articles published from 1980 through 2009. Inclusion criteria were based on terms referring to the participants, the psychosocial correlates and the type of activity. Twenty-three articles satisfied the inclusion criteria, and were divided into four categories of studies: (1) cross-sectional designs, (2) experimental prospective one-group designs, (3) longitudinal comparative intervention designs, and (4) qualitative designs. The level of quality regarding the intervention studies was assessed using four different scales, and on average they depicted a moderate level of evidence. Both exercise and sport-related activities seem to contribute to well-being. Improved physical fitness and elevated skill level gained during exercise and sport activities appear to serve as mediators for increased perceptions of self-efficacy and social competence. Peer modelling, as well as video and audio reinforcement, appear to be important modalities in maintaining compliance to exercise programmes.

Based on the observations that conducted by the researcher in the field earlier showed that the active daily motion activities of students Senior High School state 10 Padang was very less and was expected to effect the achievement of their health and physical fitness negatively. The purpose of this study was to assess the sports activities of the students of senior High School state 10 Padang.&#x0D; The research used quantitative approach and designed descriptively. Numbers of the population were 854 students which were consist of boy and girl Student Senior High School State 10 Padang. The Sample was taken by Stratified Random Sampling Technique which totally are 129 students. Data was collected by questionnaire, observation and interviews, and analyzed with descriptive techniques.&#x0D; The results of the analysis of student sports activities of the Senior High School State 10 Padang showed that (1) most of students were very participate in sport activities in physical Education learning, (2) most of the students were participate in extracurricular learning, (3)most of the student were participate in exercise activities outside the school structurally, (4) most of the students were participate moderately in sports activities outside the school are unstructured, (5) most of the students had very high active in to sport activities and most of them felt the benefits of Exercise activities.&#x0D; Keywords : Students 'Sport Activities&#x0D;

Exercise participation is usually recognised for its anxiolytic properties.However, performance anxiety in physical education and sport may also be faced by those students perceiving a negative difference between their degree of competence or self-worth in terms of sporting skill, and the perceived demands of a class activity, sporting competition or training situation.While the response to feeling anxious is not always negative, anxiety usually results in a 'fight or flight' response creating an elevated heart rate and a release of adrenaline preparing the body for action.Anxiety may serve as an in-built warning system for an individual student of their personal vulnerability in an upcoming activity, drill or game situation.An inability to manage sporting performance anxiety can negatively impact on a student's participation, enjoyment and positive skill development, even deterring future exercise and sporting activities.The key to managing sport and exercise-related anxiety is achieving an optimal level.The teacher or coach needs to challenge students sufficiently to prepare mind and body for exercise, without an individual overextending into anxiety levels that create negative performance.Bringing together the disciplines of sport and physical education, we explore the nature of anxiety, and practical sports psychology techniques the teacher or sports coach can introduce to help students manage sports anxiety, and create supportive learning environments.Helping students overcome sporting performance anxiety will assist them in performing at their best and teach important skills they can apply for the rest of their future sporting and exercise activities.