Blood Lead, Nutrient Intake, and Renal Function Among Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Abstract

Abstract Objectives We hereby reported cross-sectional findings on impaired renal function in association with the exposure to lead (Pb) and dietary intake of nutrients among patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods Pb exposure and renal injury was assessed by the measurement of blood lead levels (BLLs) and biochemical parameters, respectively, in 780 patients. The intake of dietary nutrients was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in 420 of 780 participants. Results The BLLs were found to be significantly associated with certain parameters of renal injury in both ordinary least squares and quantile regression analyses at upper quantiles. The BLLs at 95th quantiles by quantile regression analyses were also found to be significantly reverse associated with dietary intake of calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), kalium (K), magnesium (Mg), vitamin C (VC) and fiber, but not with iron (Fe). The moderation analyses revealed significantly moderation effects of BLLs on the association between dietary nutrients and some renal function parameters. Conclusions Our observations may support the therapeutic use of specific dietary nutrients in preventing renal injury associated with Pb exposure in T2D patients, in case of them being in a state of both nutritional deficiencies and Pb poisoning. Funding Sources This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China [grant numbers 2017YFC1600504]; the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation Grant [grant numbers KLH3056089].