Blending Tropes and Othering Portrayals

Despite extensive investigation, the tectono‐thermal evolution of the Archean crust in the Lewisian Gneiss Complex in NW Scotland (LGC) is debated. Most U–Pb zircon geochronological and metamorphic studies have focused on rocks from the central region of the mainland LGC, where granulite facies assemblages associated with the oldest (Badcallian) tectono‐metamorphic event at c. 2.75 Ga are overprinted by younger amphibolite facies assemblages related to the Inverian (c. 2.5 Ga) and subsequent Laxfordian (c. 1.9–1.65 Ga) tectono‐thermal events. In the southern and northern regions of the mainland LGC, deformation and metamorphism associated with the Laxfordian event are pervasive, although the timing and conditions are poorly constrained. Here, we present new field, petrographic and structural data, U–Pb zircon and titanite geochronology and phase equilibrium modelling of amphibolite samples from the northern and southern regions. Our field observations show that in both regions, pre‐Laxfordian structures are significantly reworked by steep NW‐striking fabrics that are themselves pervasively overprinted by co‐axial deformation and amphibolite facies metamorphism related to the Laxfordian event. In situ U–Pb titanite geochronology yields Laxfordian ages of 1853 ± 20 Ma in the southern region (P = 6–8 kbar and T = 640–690°C) and 1750 ± 20 Ma and 1776 ± 10 Ma in the northern region (P = 6–7.5 kbar and T = 740–760°C). While U–Pb dating of zircon rims from felsic gneisses in the central region shows a dominant Inverian metamorphic overprint at c. 2500 Ma, zircon rims in felsic gneisses from the northern and southern regions commonly yield Laxfordian dates as young as c. 1800 Ma. Combined, the results support the idea that, during the Palaeoproterozoic, the central region of the LGC acted as low‐strain domain, in which intense deformation and metamorphism were restricted to crustal‐scale shear zones. By contrast, in the southern and northern regions, early (c. 1.85 Ga) and late (c. 1.75 Ga) Laxfordian deformation and fluid‐mediated metamorphism were much more pervasive and at higher P–T conditions than previously proposed. The diachronous Laxfordian evolution of the southern and northern regions indicate that they reflect early and late snapshots of collisional to transpressional tectonics in the mainland LGC. The long‐lasting Laxfordian evolution documents the collision of the Rae and North Atlantic cratons during the Palaeoproterozoic amalgamation of the supercontinent Nuna, with implications for the palaeogeographic configuration of NW Scotland during Palaeoproterozoic Nuna.

BackgroundThe core business of medical schools includes clinical (education and service) and academic (research) activities. Our objective was to assess the degree to which these activities exist in a distributed medical education system in Canada.MethodsA population-based design was utilized. Programs were contacted and public records were searched for medical trainees and faculty positions within a province in Canada during the 2017/2018 academic year. Data were expressed as positions per 100,000 residents within the Lower Mainland, Island, and Northern and Southern interior geographical regions.ResultsSubstantial differences in the distribution of medical students by region was observed with the highest observed in the Northern region at 45.5 per 100,000 as compared to Lower Mainland, Island, and Southern regions of 25.4, 16.8, 16.0 per 100,000, respectively. The distribution of family medicine residents was less variable with 14.9, 10.7, 8.9, and 5.8 per 100,000 in the Northern, Island, Southern, and Lower Mainland regions, respectively. In contrast, there was a marked disparity in distribution of specialty residents with 40.8 per 100,000 in the Lower Mainland as compared to 7.5, 3.2, and 1.3 per 100,000 in the Island, Northern, and Southern regions, respectively. Clinical faculty were distributed with the highest observed in the Northern region at 180.4 per 100,000 as compared to Southern, Island, and Lower Mainland regions of 166.9, 138.5, and 128.4, respectively. In contrast, academic faculty were disproportionately represented in the Lower Mainland and Island regions (92.8 and 50.7 per 100,000) as compared to the Northern and Southern (1.4 and 1.2 per 100,000) regions, respectively.ConclusionsWhile there has been successful redistribution of medical students, family medicine residents, and clinical faculty, this has not been the case for specialty residents and academic faculty.

Background:Studies have shown different mortalities due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and cerebrovascular diseases (CbVD) in the five Brazilian regions. Socioeconomic conditions of those regions are frequently used to justify differences in mortality due to those diseases. In addition, studies have shown a reduction in the differences between the mortality rates of the five Brazilian regions.Objective:To update CVD mortality data in women and men in the five Brazilian regions.Methods:Mortality and population data were obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics and Ministry of Health. Risk of death was adjusted by use of the direct method, with the 2000 world standard population as reference. We analyzed trends in mortality due to CVD, IHD and CbVD in women and men aged ≥ 30 years in the five Brazilian regions from 1980 to 2012.Results:Mortality due to: 1) CVD: showed reduction in the Northern, West-Central, Southern and Southeastern regions; increase in the Northeastern region; 2) IHD: reduction in the Southeastern and Southern regions; increase in the Northeastern region; and unchanged in the Northern and West-Central regions; 3) CbVD: reduction in the Southern, Southeastern and West-Central regions; increase in the Northeastern region; and unchanged in Northern region. There was also a convergence in mortality trends due to CVD, IHD, and CbVD in the five regions.Conclusion:The West-Central, Northern and Northeastern regions had the worst trends in CVD mortality as compared to the Southeastern and Southern regions. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Women account for a large percentage of the income-poor and they have low well-being. Thus, this study did a comparative analysis of multidimensional wellbeing of women in rural Southern and Northern Region, Nigeria. The Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data was used, 4641 women data from Southern Region (SR) and 14228 women data from Northern Region (NR). Data analysis was done using descriptive statistics and fuzzy analysis. The mean age of women in SR was 34 with a standard deviation of 9 while the mean age in NR was 30 with a standard deviation of 9. The mean household size in SR was 6 with a standard deviation of 3 while for NR the mean was 7 with a standard deviation of 4. More than half of the women in rural Southern region Nigeria (52.60%) have wellbeing index below the mean while 61.7% have wellbeing index lower than the mean in Northern region. Women in the Southern region are better off than women in Northern region. Women in the SR region are better off than women in the NR. Interventions in the area of education, employment, health and nutrition, autonomy and information access is needed for women in Northern region especially women in the North West.

To evaluate Vietnamese shallot strains as genetic resources, genetic variation among those collected from three main (northern, central and southern) regions in Vietnam was studied, based on morphology, physiology, and polymorphisms of nuclear, chloroplast, and mitochondrial DNAs. Strains from the northern region had spreading and dark green leaves, bolted late, and formed bulbs early. The bulb skin was white during bulb formation but turned brown after harvest. By contrast, strains from the central and southern regions, that had semi-spreading leaves, bolted early and formed bulbs late. The leaves were yellow green when young, but turned dark green as they matured. The bulb skin was pink when the bulbs were young but became red after harvest. In the dendrogram based on RAPD analysis of total DNA, two groups of strains were formed. One included the strains from the northern region and the other the strains from the central and southern regions. PCR-RFLP analyses of chloroplast and mitochondrial DNAs showed no variation among the strains from the three regions. From the results, two different types of shallot were identified, namely the North type (distributed in the northern region) and the South type (in the central and southern regions). Different characteristics of these two types will be useful for future breeding of shallot, common onion, and wakegi onion in tropical and sub-tropical countries.

We examined the winter diet of marten (Martes americana) from northern (65–67°N) and southern (60–62°N) regions of the western Northwest Territories from 1988–1989 to 1993–1994 during a decline in snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) abundance that started in 1990. We used 4256 marten carcasses collected from trappers to examine changes in diet, productivity, age and sex structure of the harvest, and body and reproductive indices. Arvicoline rodents formed the greatest proportion (41–95% occurrence of total prey items) of the annual winter diet in both regions and snowshoe hares constituted 1–39% of prey items. Snowshoe hares constituted 3–64% of the diet when expressed as biomass. Dietary proportions of arvicolines increased and snowshoe hares decreased with time in the northern region but not in the southern region. Female marten took proportionately more arvicolines and males took more snowshoe hares. Juvenile marten took proportionately more snowshoe hares, while adults took more arvicolines. The proportion of juvenile marten in the harvest declined in both regions between 1991–1992 and 1993–1994. The ratio of juveniles to adult females in the harvest also declined with time in the southern region but not in the northern region. The amount of omental fat declined with time for most age and sex classes. Ovulation rates (as determined by counts of corpora lutea) declined with time among yearlings, and among adults from the southern region but not in the northern region. In utero litter size did not change. We suggest that the snowshoe hare population cycle has a significant impact on marten populations in the northern boreal forest.

The Disparity of Watershed Development between Northern and Southern Region of Java Island

Since the 1960s, film theory has undergone rapid development as an academic discipline—to such an extent that students new to the subject are quickly overwhelmed by the extensive and complex research published under its rubric. “Film Theory in the United States and Europe” presents a broad overview of guides to and anthologies of film theory, followed by a longer section that presents an historical account of film theory’s development—from classical film theory of the 1930s–1950s (focused around film as an art), the modern (or contemporary) film theory of the 1960s–1970s (premised on semiotics, Marxism, feminism, and psychoanalysis), to current developments, including the New Lacanians and cognitive film theory. The second section ends with a very brief overview of film and/as philosophy. The article covers the key figures and fundamental concepts that have contributed to film theory as an autonomous discipline within the university. These concepts include ontology of film, realism/the reality effect, formalism, adaptation, signification, voyeurism, patriarchy, ideology, mainstream cinema, the avant-garde, suture, the cinematic apparatus, auteur-structuralism, the imaginary, the symbolic, the real, film and emotion, and embodied cognition.

This is a study of the regional variation in Saudi Arabia with respect to the pattern of distribution of total serum cholesterol concentration, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total cholesterol to HDL ratio (CH/HDL) and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia (HC) among Saudi population. It is a cross-sectional national epidemiological randomized household survey. The subjects consisted of 4548 Saudis over the age of 15 years. The sample was representative and in accordance with the national population distribution with respect to age, gender, regional and residency population distribution. Blood samples were drawn and assayed for total cholesterol concentration (TCC), triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein concentration. Low- density lipoprotein and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio were calculated. The mean serum TCC of female subjects was higher than for male subjects across all regions; however, the difference reached a significance only in the Southern and Western regions. The 90th percentile of serum TCC for male subjects was either equal to or higher than that for female subjects at early age groups across all regions; however, the 90th percentile of serum TCC for female subjects was higher than for male subjects at older age groups across all regions. Mean serum HDL concentration for female subjects was either equal to or higher than for male subjects across all regions, except the Central region. The difference, however, reached a significance in the Western region only. The prevalence of borderline high HC (5.2 to 6.2 mmol/L) was higher among male subjects in the Central region and equal between male and female subjects of Western and Eastern regions and higher among female subjects in the Northern and Southern regions. The prevalence of high HC (>6.2 mmol/L) was higher among female subjects compared with male subjects across all regions. The highest and lowest prevalence of high HC among male subjects in the Eastern and Northern regions, respectively, while the highest and lowest prevalence of high HC among female subjects were in the Eastern and Northern regions. The prevalence of HC (>5.2 mmol/L) among subjects over the age of 40 years was highest and lowest for male subjects of Eastern and Southern regions, respectively, and for female subjects of Eastern and Western regions, respectively. There was a variable pattern of serum total and fractionated cholesterol concentration distribution among Saudi subjects. It appears, however, that at large, the subjects of the Eastern and Northern regions had the highest and lowest prevalences of cholesterol-related risk factors for CVD, respectively. There is a need to study the underlying factors for the regional variation with respect to cholesterol-related risk factors with emphasis on nutritional habits, including the quantity and quality of food, the prevalence of obesity, glucose intolerance and smoking. Identification of such factors is essential for monitoring the effectiveness of any future plan for combating cholesterol-related risk factors for CVD.

Development of integrated weed management strategies requires knowledge of weed emergence timing and patterns, which are regulated primarily by water and thermal requirements for seed germination. Laboratory experiments were conducted in fall 2017 to fall 2018 to quantify the effect of osmotic potential and temperature on germination of 44 kochia [Bassia scoparia (L.) A.J. Scott] populations under controlled conditions. Bassia scoparia populations were collected in fall 2016 from northern (near Huntley, MT, and Powell, WY) and southern (near Lingle, WY, and Scottsbluff, NE) regions of the U.S. Great Plains. Ten osmotic potentials from 0 to −2.1 MPa and eight constant temperatures from 4 to 26 C were evaluated. Response of B. scoparia populations to osmotic potential did not differ between the northern and southern regions. At an osmotic potential of 0 MPa, all B. scoparia populations had greater than 98% germination, and the time to achieve 50% germination (t50) was less than 1 d. At −1.6 MPa, 25% of seeds of all B. scoparia populations germinated. Osmotic potentials of −0.85 and −1.9 MPa reduced B. scoparia germination by 10% and 90%, respectively. Regardless of temperature regime, all populations exhibited greater than 88% germination. The germination rate was highest at temperatures between 15 to 26 C and did not differ between populations from northern versus southern regions. At this temperature range, all populations had a t50 of less than 1 d. However, at 4 C, B. scoparia populations from the northern region had a higher germination rate (5 h) and cumulative germination (7%) than populations from the southern region. Overall, these results indicate a wide range of optimum temperatures and osmotic potential requirements for B. scoparia germination.

Hypoxia off the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary: Oxygen depletion and organic matter decomposition

Climate and vegetation changes around Lake Baikal during the last 350,000 years

Seasonal variation of phytoplankton was investigated with surface mixed layer ecosystem model in the East Sea. The model consisted of four compartments (phytoplankton, zooplankton, nutrient, detritus) forced by mixed layer depths, photosynthetically available radiation and nutrient concentrations. From model results we estimated entrainment rate to reproduce the two annual blooms, and reproduced seasonal variation of phytoplankton at southern and northern regions by the difference of surface winter mixed layer depth (MLD) using the entrainment rate value . The spring blooms in the southern and northern regions closely related to deepening of a winter surface MLD. In the southern region where MLD was shallow and phytoplankton spring bloom occurs one month in advance to the northern region where MLD was deep. The amount of light increases within the MLD during the onset of stratification and water temperature increases faster in spring in the southern region than the northern region. Decrease of phytoplankton was mainly affected by zooplankton grazing in the southern region and by nutrient exhaustion in the northern region. The fall bloom in the two regions was caused by the nutrient availability and entrainment on the phytoplankton.

The prevalence of flexible pavement deterioration in the country has been adduced largely by highway researchers to trucks or heavy vehicles carrying much in excess of permitted legal limits. This study investigated levels of deterioration of Abuja-Kaduna-Kano road (Northern region) and Port Harcourt-Enugu road (Southern region) caused by heavy vehicles through a 14 day traffic counts conducted at 5 strategic points each in the Northern and Southern regions. Traffic data generated were analyzed with AASHTO Design Guidelines (1993) to evaluate Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) and Vehicle Damage effects on the road. The Traffic Volume, Average Daily Traffic (ADT), and Heavy Vehicle per day (HV/day) were estimated to be 2,063,977; 147,427; and 12,246 respectively in the Northern region, while in the Southern region they were estimated to be 750,381; 53,670; and 20,951 respectively. Motorcycles, Passenger cars, Mini-buses/Pick-ups, and Heavy vehicles constitute 18.7%, 49.7%, 23.3% and 8.31% of the total traffic volume respectively in the Northern region while in the South they constitute 4.6%, 30.1%, 26.2% and 39.1% respectively. ESALs were estimated according to AASHTO Design Guidelines in the Northern and Southern regions as 547,730 and 836,208 respectively. An average Load Equivalency Factors (LEFs) of 3.43 and 3.02 were estimated for each heavy vehicle plying the Northern and Southern roads respectively and this could explain some failures (alligator cracks, potholes, depressions, linear or longitudinal cracks along the centre line amongst others) inherent on the road.

The breeding and finishing pig populations in four Animal Health Service regions in the Netherlands were monitored with respect to pseudorabies virus (PRV) seroprevalence. Analysis of data of the seroprevalence survey of 1994 indicated that two samples per herd was sufficient to estimate the seroprevalence in both the sow and finishing pig populations. In the northern, eastern, southern, and western regions, 115, 645, 940, and 218 sow herds and 114, 1036, 954, and 323 pig finishing herds were sampled, respectively. In the breeding pig population, the PRV-seroprevalence decreased from 27% to 17% in the eastern region, from 32% to 17% in the southern region, from 18% to 12% in the western region, and from 10% to 6% in the northern region. In the finishing pig population, the PRV-seroprevalence decreased from 15% to 6% in the eastern region, from 19% to 6% in the southern region, and from 12% to 5% in the western region. There was no significant difference in PRV seroprevalence in finishing pigs in the northern region between the survey of 1994 and 1995.