Abstract
Sodium hypochlorite (bleach, CAS 7681-52-9) is an aqueous solution produced by the mixture of chloramine gas and water. It is used as a disinfectant in various settings. Toxicity is dependent on concentration, route, and duration of exposure. Because of its widespread availability, primarily as a household cleaning agent, there are frequent exposures to bleach. Toxic effects vary from mild irritation to significant tissue damage. Most unintentional exposures result as minor irritation. Intentional ingestions can cause significant burns or strictures of the gastrointestinal tract. Dermal and ocular exposures can cause irritation and corrosive injuries. Sodium hypochlorite combined with an acid or ammonia forms chlorine and chloramine gases, which cause upper respiratory irritation to chemical pneumonitis.
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