Abstract
Amid numerous conflicts and disagreements, much of the history of race relations in America has been characterized by at least a partial consensus on the desirability of integration. For many years, black Americans, along with some liberal allies, were considered to be the major advocates of integration; and whites, located primarily in the South, were regarded as its principal opponents (Erskine, 1962; Hyman and Sheatsley, 1964; Sheatsley, 1966). Overwhelming noniwhite support for racial integration thus provided a useful bench mark for research on intergroup relations (Myrdahl, 1944; Allport, 1954; Williams, 1964; Killian and Grigg, 1964). In recent years, however, many Americans have become concerned about the growth of a seemingly new-and, to many, threatening-movement promoting the principles of black separatism. At a time when racial equality was rapidly becoming a legal-if not a social-reality, increasing numbers of black citizens have publicly repudiated the traditional goal
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