Abstract
The discovery of graphene triggered a rapid rise of unexplored two-dimensional materials and heterostructures having optoelectronic and photonics properties that can be tailored on the nanoscale. Among these materials, black phosphorus (BP) has attracted a remarkable interest, thanks to many favorable properties, such as the high carrier mobility, the in-plane anisotropy, the possibility to alter its transport via electrical gating, and the direct band-gap, which can be tuned by thickness from 0.3 eV (bulk crystalline) to 1.7 eV (single atomic layer). When integrated in a microscopic field effect transistor, a few-layer BP flake can detect Terahertz (THz) frequency radiation. Remarkably, the in-plane crystalline anisotropy can be exploited to tailor the mechanisms that dominate the photoresponse; a BP-based field effect transistor can be engineered to act as a plasma-wave rectifier, a thermoelectric sensor, or a thermal bolometer. Here we present a review on recent research on BP detectors operating from 0.26 THz to 3.4 THz with particular emphasis on the underlying physical mechanisms and the future challenges that are yet to be addressed for making BP the active core of stable and reliable optical and electronic technologies.
Highlights
The rising interest in Terahertz (THz) radiation has been triggered in the last decade by a wealth of applications in security, biomedical imaging, gas sensing, non-destructive testing and materials analysis, non-contact imaging of coatings and composites, non-invasive medical diagnosis of tumors and dental diseases.[1]
The present most common architectures rely on semiconductor micro-bolometers,[3] fast non-linear rectifying electronics such as Schottky diodes,[4] high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) and field effect transistors (FETs).[5,6]
The latter can be realized with standard complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or silicon technology and have already shown potential for the development of performing and cost effective THz detection systems.[7]
Summary
The rising interest in Terahertz (THz) radiation (loosely defined as the 0.1–10 THz frequency range, 30–3000 μm wavelength range) has been triggered in the last decade by a wealth of applications in security, biomedical imaging, gas sensing, non-destructive testing and materials analysis, non-contact imaging of coatings and composites, non-invasive medical diagnosis of tumors and dental diseases.[1].
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