BLACK EYES IN GREEK EROTIC POETRY AND THE PHYSIOGNOMICAL TRADITION

To determine whether dark-eyed individuals were more sensitive to external cues or more highly skilled in tasks requiring attention to the environment than light-eyed people, a subsample of Florida State University football players was examined (N = 35, age 18 to 22 yr.). Players subjectively reported their eye color and were grouped according to dark (black or brown) eyes or light eyes (all other colors). Their field dependence-independence scores (Witkin, Dyk, Faterson, Goodenough, & Karp, 1962) were derived from the portable rod-andframe test, administered to each player according to procedures of Irving and Henderson ( 1971 ) . Eight trials with the apparatus yielded dependent measures of constant error and variable error. A stepwise discriminant analysis did noc discriminate significantly between the dark-eyed and lighc-eyed groups (F2,33 = 1.09, p > .05 ), SO the hypothesis that light-eyed players would be more field-independent was not supported. In fact, data from very few studies are available to which these findings may be related. Although performance differences have been found between dark-brown and light-blue eye color groups and not between groups of similar eye color (Landers, Obermeier, & Patterson, 1976), Worthy ( 1974) believes that a simple dichotomy between dark and light eyes is enough for research purposes. Since the results of this study yield no significant differences using a simple dichotomy for eye color, and Worthy has indicated performance differences do exist with this classification method, further research into the eye color-performance area is necessary to clarify these equivocal findings.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the inheritance and expression of the koi color dominant mutations “design” and “red eyes” in koi × Goldfish hybrids (koi Cyprinus carpio × Goldfish Carassius auratus). The mutation “design” manifests as a yellow stripe along the dorsal fin and a specific ornament on the head; this trait is controlled by a dominant allele of one gene (D/d). In four progenies that were obtained by crosses of koi females having the “design” trait with Goldfish males, the segregations of so-called "ghost fish," having a melanin-pigmented body with the “design” pattern, and fish having wild-type color, without the “design” pattern, were close to the Mendelian 1:1 ratio. This indicates that koi females with the “design” trait that are used for the production of these progenies had the genotype Dd, whereas the Goldfish males had the genotype dd. In one progeny that was obtained by crossing a koi female having the “design” trait with a Goldfish male, 420 ghost fish (99.8%) and one fish with wild-type color (0.2%) were recorded. The koi female from which this progeny originated was apparently homozygous for the dominant allele (genotype DD). Earlier, it was shown that the appearance of red eyes in koi is caused not by the albino mutation, but by another dominant demelanization mutation (R). In three progenies that were obtained by crossing koi females having red eyes with Goldfish males, the segregations of the larvae with unpigmented bodies and light eye lenses and those with dark bodies and black eye lenses were close to 1:1. Later, three types of body color were observed in the juveniles of these progenies: yellow, brown, and wild-type; all of the juveniles had black eyes. The segregations of colored (yellow + brown) and wild-type-color juveniles were close to 1:1. This shows that that the red-eyed koi females that were used in the crosses were heterozygous (genotype Rr), whereas the Goldfish males had genotype rr. The described colored forms of koi × Goldfish hybrids can be used for weed control.

The color of the iris is known to be dependent on two pigments, one within the two epithelial layers of the posterior part of the iris (pars iridica retinae) and the other within the cells of the stroma. When only the first pigment is present, the iris appears to be blue. In gray, brown and black eyes the second pigment also is present. As to black eyes, it should be kept in mind that at the age of puberty the iris becomes slightly lighter, in contrast to the darkening of the skin and of the hair. Dark brown eyes are rare in adults of the white race. The origin of the pigment of the iris is not clearly understood. It is likely that in man, as in Amphibia, certain substances are produced in the body at a certain time of embryonic life and are carried by the blood stream into

The red egg gene as a novel effective egg color marker for silkworm transgenesis

For Udmurtians, physical beauty is an attractive and impressive physique. In the late 19th century, Udmurt criteria for evaluating physical beauty were influenced by the aesthetic ideals of neighbouring peoples. A beautiful girl was supposed to have Slavic or Turkic features but not Udmurt ones. Northern Udmurts believed that an attractive young woman was faircomplexioned with fair hair and blue eyes, while southern Udmurts admired women with dark hair and black eyes. One can still hear them saying, “She is so beautiful, she doesn’t look like an Udmurt girl at all,” which is followed by more precise information, such as, “She looks like a Russian/Tatar woman.” This stereotype still exists among the Udmurts and their neighbouring peoples, especially the Russians.

The Apostle list known as “Anonymous I” (BHG 153) is probably the first example of this kind of lists (as independent text). In 1907, Theodor Schermann published an anthology of Apostle lists, but, since he failed to recognize the Anonymous I as a list on its own right, this text did not find its way in his edition. The time has not yet come for a critical edition that would, beside the few known Greek manuscripts, also take into account the witness of the other Greek lists that stem form Anonymous I and of its ancient versions (in Latin and Geʻez) ; in the meanwhile, the present article takes stock of the Greek direct tradition : it presents the Greek manuscripts, studies their relationships, and sketches the development of the Greek textual forms. It includes the text of the Greek manuscripts in synoptical form. An Appendix deals with the list BHG 152n, which represents a combination of the Anonymous I and an abbreviated list of the Disciples from the Pseudo-Dorothean tradition.

Este trabalho dedica-se a aproximar conceitos propostos pelo Círculo de Bakhtin (em sua filosofia da linguagem) e por A. N. Leontiev (em seus estudos de psicologia), com a pretensão de tecer algumas considerações sobre o conceito de gêneros do discurso. A relação entre as ideias desses pensadores coloca em destaque, principalmente, problemas relativos ao entendimento da subjetividade (em sua tensão com as coerções sociais operadas sobre o uso da língua), à historicidade dos gêneros do discurso, ao lugar do materialismo e da dialética na análise dos gêneros e ao conceito de refração, que pode ser mais bem entendido em relação com as contribuições de Leontiev. Evidente que se trata de muitas questões e, por isso, o presente artigo limita-se a algumas ponderações sobre esses temas.

On the basis of a brief literature review about the major topical progression and thematic progression theory models proposed by the scholars at home and overseas, the present article incorporates the TP modal of Converse Linear Progression maintained by Hu Yinglin into the four types of TSP advocated by Simpson. Meanwhile, the paper attempts to make the addition of the Extended Converse Linear Progression to analyze the topical progression in the available popular English narrative discourse “a private conversation” which achieves coherence and finally points out the limitations of thus doing with one text in expectancy to testify the hypothesized pattern within more various genres of discourses.

The present article contributes to research on evaluation by addressing two complementary objectives: first, we present a protocol for the identification and annotation of evaluation in English discourse and, second, we show the results of the implementation of the protocol in the annotation of evaluation in a sample of a corpus of four genres. We first describe the protocol by discussing the theoretical and methodological grounding of the annotation scheme, the criteria, the categories, the steps for the implementation of the protocol and an illustrative example of the application of the protocol to a short extract. We subsequently provide the preliminary results of a pilot study with the frequency of evaluative expressions across the four genres. Results show that while adjectives and non-metaphoric evaluative expressions are overall more frequent, there are differences regarding the preference for positive or negative value and regarding the frequency of function.

The present article aims to identify stylistic figures, providing intertextual connections of American presidents’ inaugural addresses with other texts which are of great importance to the USA and the American nation. Stylistic figures are figurative and expressive means of connecting texts of the past with texts of the present. The stylistic figures “allusion”, “application”, “paraphrase”, and “citation” have been analysed in the inaugural addresses delivered by four American presidents (2001–2021) – George Bush Jr., Barack Obama, Donald Trump, and Joseph Biden. These stylistic figures determine intertextual contacts of the inaugural addresses with the texts which characterize the country’s historical and modern development – the United States Declaration of Independence, John Page’s letter to Thomas Jefferson, the Constitution of the United States, the past Presidents’ speeches, patriotic songs. Inaugural addresses form a well-established genre in political discourse, and this genre is aimed at integrating and inspiring the people as well as at performing and establishing President’s and his administration’s general policies. The analysis of the genre of the “inaugural address” is an integral part of political discourse research. Political discourse is perceived as a system of communication that has real and virtual measures. The analysis of stylistic figures which provide intertextual connections belongs to the study of the virtual measure of political discourse – its semiotic area. The analysis conducted in the article is based on political discourse research, intertextuality theory, critical discourse analysis theory as well as on practical papers on presidential communication. This article’s methodology includes methods of observation, deduction, induction, controlled sampling, and the method of discourse analysis. Having analyzed the inaugural addresses and having identified the stylistic figures which incorporate other texts into the inaugural addresses, the author concludes that, firstly, the ideas and principles formulated in the past and implemented in the country’s development concept are sacred and unshakeable, and secondly, these ideas and principles have a great impact on the American nation’s consolidation and integration.

The present article analyses the idea of semi-spontaneous speech, comparing it to spontaneous and prepared types of speech; studies and describes the prosodic characteristics of semi-spontaneous speech, implemented in the genre of interview; studies the role of speaker’s level of preparedness to the communication act in respect of prosodic speech behaviour and differentiates proportion of the preparedness in spontaneous, prepared and semi-spontaneous speech; distinguishes a specific genre of mass media discourse – “star interview”, its structure and differential features, designating the role and functions of the interviewer in “speaker – interviewer – target mass audience” link. The studied material involves audio recordings of interviews with three popular British musicians: Phil Collins, Sting and George Michael. Separate monological statements taken from interviews were analyzed with a particular focus on prosodic characteristic, taking into consideration the matters under discussion, the speaker’s wish to elaborate upon a theme or shunt the conversation on another topic. Auditorial and acoustic analyses covered the research of such prosodic parameters as: the nature of the intonational scale, terminal tone and pausation peculiarities in the speakers’ speech. The central focus of the present research is on differentiation elements that characterize semi-spontaneous speech. The article describes essential aspects that have influence over the main prosodic characteristics of oral speech: experience in public speaking, individual characteristics of the speaker, physical and mental state, awareness of the topic discussed, desire to cover particular issues.

The article focuses on comparative analysis of argumentative frames' distribution in the text of appeal court decisions pertaining to different law systems: US court opinions and Russian appellate rulings. Text of court decision is a communicative product of the judicial discourse which is argumentative by virtue of its nature; however, the sequence of frames implementing the argumentative discourse dynamics is specific to each type of court decision generated within respective law system. The present article explores the applicability of frame analysis to judicial argumentation in appeal court decisions pertaining to different law systems. The current interest of the research lays in the fact that court decision texts represent a relatively regular sequence of cognitive argumentation frames that provide for argumentative discourse dynamics, and that can be viewed as a cognitive tool of developing judge’s argumentation strategy. The article aims at conducting an experiment on distribution analysis of the identified argumentation frames in the specified category of court decision texts and compare the traced regularities. The research methodology rests on application of the following methods: distribution analysis method, method of statistical analysis, methods of functional and structural analysis. The materials for the research included 50 texts including court opinions made by United States Court of Appeal for the seventh and ninth circuits and appellate rulings of Altay Regional Court (appeal instance). All documents carried the same type of the decision - affirming the lower court decision - and referred to criminal law only to preclude possible dependence of the research results on type of decision and branch of law concerned. In the research findings we came to the conclusion that within the chosen category of cases argumentation frames’ distribution patterns exhibited insignificant variability however they were not absolutely rigid. The research outcomes can find further application for argumentation structure analysis in other categories of court decisions or other genres of the judicial discourse.

Nowadays, it has become commonly accepted that the meaning of linguistic elements is interconnected with the context of their use. Deixis is one of the classical pragmatic phenomena that illustrates that context-dependence is inherent in language as meaning of deictic expressions cannot be constructed without the identification of the speech event where these expressions occurred. The present article discusses cases of time deixis in the context of engineering discourse. The goal of the research is to demonstrate how the deictic expression use in different genres of professional discourse impacts meaning construction. The study deals with the data obtained from scientific articles, encyclopaedia chapters and coursebooks. The findings indicate that temporal deictic expressions can be utilized both deictically and non-deictically and their frequency may depend on the genre within each professional discourse. Further research can be conducted to investigate the use of other categories of deictic expressions in engineering discourse.

The research featured concept "horse", which is one of the key archetypal concepts of the Russian culture. The present article focuses on the secondary symbolic constituents that form the structure of the concept. The research objective was to describe symbolic features in the structure of the concept. The material involved sources of the Russian national corpus, Russian folk tales, and other genres of the belles-lettres discourse representing diverse functional styles of the language. The study revealed the ambivalent nature of symbolic categorization of the animal concept in the Russian language through the prism of religious and mythological worldview. The ambivalent nature represented in the bilateral image is in its polar opposition. On the one hand, it is a solar symbol, a symbol of celestial source, and deity. On the other hand, it is chthonic and demonological. Thus, it implies the following symbolic signs: sun; sky; rain; earth; star; month; bird; fire; light; air; red; water; white; gold; another world; age; sea; mountains; death; Kelpie – a water spirit; immortality; black; centaur; Trojan horse; the magic; time of day; number; unity; fertility; spirituality; speed; inspiration, contemplation; loyalty; persistence; fearlessness; luck; chivalry, nobility; purity, and inaccessibility; lust, riot; secrecy, deceit; power; beauty; intelligence; wisdom; power; life force. Ambivalent features revealed on the basis of factual material are invariant, since their historical significance is also actualized in modern linguistic realities. In addition, for the most part they are positively oriented, which indicates the marking and significance of the horse in the consciousness and life of the Russian people.

Metadiscourse in academic communication has been under the analysis of a great number of studies. However, most research was predominantly conducted on English academic texts, while metadiscourse strategies are used in Russian-language academic prose remains understudied and needs to be explored. On the basis of 50 reviews of manuscripts submitted to Russian journals, the present article analyzes types of the lexical realization of hedging as a metadiscourse strategy used by reviewers to mitigate negative evaluations and to show politeness. The study is relevant due to the numerous attempts to reconceptualize the nature of academic discourse and to ascribe it to the interactional rather than informational type of communication. Hedging is used for constructing harmonious relationship between the reviewer and the reviewee. The present study aims to identify lexical items used for hedging in the corpus of research article reviews. When the quantitative analysis reveals that hedging is predominantly realized through the use of verbs and adverbs, the interpretive analysis shows that lexical hedges serve for three pragmatic functions such as shifting the communicative focus, mitigating criticism, and de-intensifying negative evaluations. Hedging is an indicator of the authorial pragmatic competence and is a key to effective communication in the evaluative genres of academic discourse and research articles reviews. It creates a proper balance of negative and positive evaluations, assists in saving face and constructing an image of a competent partner.