Abstract
The design of modern machine learning systems should take into account not only their effectiveness in solving a given problem, but also their impact on the rights of individuals. Implementing this goal may involve applying technical solutions proven in the IT industry, such as event logs or certification frameworks.
Highlights
Recent advances in the development of machine learning (ML) algorithms, combined with the massive amount of data used to train them, has changed dramatically their utility and scope of applications
We show that models created by ML algorithms are inherently so complex that they cannot be “explained” in a meaningful way to an ordinary user of such systems
In the case of automated decision-making, the EU legislature has extended the information obligation imposed on data controllers by introducing in Article 15(1)(h) of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) the need to provide “meaningful information” on the logic involved in such decisions, taking into account the “significance and the envisaged consequences of such processing for the data subject”
Summary
Recent advances in the development of machine learning (ML) algorithms, combined with the massive amount of data used to train them, has changed dramatically their utility and scope of applications. The standard approach was that as long as an algorithm worked correctly, no one bothered to analyse how it worked 1 This approach changed once the tools based on ML algorithms became ubiquitous and began directly affecting the lives of ordinary people (Pasquale, 2015). The approval of EU regulation 2016/679 (General Data Protection Regulation or GDPR) in 2016 prompted discussion of a related legal concept, the right to explanation. If this right is mandated by GDPR (in effect since 2018), software companies conducting business in Europe 3 are immediately liable if they are not able to satisfy this right. A promising way to achieve this goal may be to introduce event logging mechanisms and certification schemes, which are currently being used very successfully in the IT sector
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