Abstract
The objective of the present study was one step extracellular biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using supernatant of Candida glabrata isolated from oropharyngeal mucosa of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients and evaluation of their antibacterial and antifungal potential against human pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The mycosynthesized AgNPs were characterized by color visualization, ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The FTIR spectra revealed the binding and stabilization of nanoparticles with protein. The TEM analysis showed that nanoparticles were well dispersed and predominantly spherical in shape within the size range of 2–15 nm. The antibacterial and antifungal potential of AgNPs were characterized by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/ minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and well diffusion methods. The MBC and MFC were found in the range of 62.5–250 μg/mL and 125–500 μg/mL, which revealed that bacterial strains were more susceptible to AgNPs than fungal strains. These differences in bactericidal and fungicidal concentrations of the AgNPs were due to the differences in the cell structure and organization of bacteria and yeast cells. The interaction of AgNPs with C. albicans analyzed by TEM showed the penetration of nanoparticles inside the Candida cells, which led the formation of “pits” and “pores” that result from the rupturing of the cell wall and membrane. Further, TEM analysis showed that Candida cells treated with AgNPs were highly deformed and the cells had shrunken to a greater extent because of their interaction with the fungal cell wall and membrane, which disrupted the structure of the cell membrane and inhibited the normal budding process due to the destruction and loss of membrane integrity and formation of pores that may led to the cell death.
Highlights
It is worthy to state that the 21st century is the golden era of silver nanotechnology because silver-based materials and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in textile engineering, waste water treatment and purification, optics, electronics, pharmaceutical industry, as catalysts, optical sensors, and in the medical field as bactericidal, fungicidal, larvicidal, therapeutic, diagnostic, and anticancer agents, in wound dressings, and imaging, etc. [1]
The interaction of AgNPs with C. albicans analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the penetration of nanoparticles inside the Candida cells, which led the formation of “pits” and “pores” that result from the rupturing of the cell wall and membrane
TEM analysis showed that Candida cells treated with AgNPs were highly deformed and the cells had shrunken to a greater extent because of their interaction with the fungal cell wall and membrane, which disrupted the structure of the cell membrane and inhibited the normal budding process due to the destruction and loss of membrane integrity and formation of pores that may led to the cell death
Summary
It is worthy to state that the 21st century is the golden era of silver nanotechnology because silver-based materials and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in textile engineering, waste water treatment and purification, optics, electronics, pharmaceutical industry, as catalysts, optical sensors, and in the medical field as bactericidal, fungicidal, larvicidal, therapeutic, diagnostic, and anticancer agents, in wound dressings, and imaging, etc. [1]. It is worthy to state that the 21st century is the golden era of silver nanotechnology because silver-based materials and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used in textile engineering, waste water treatment and purification, optics, electronics, pharmaceutical industry, as catalysts, optical sensors, and in the medical field as bactericidal, fungicidal, larvicidal, therapeutic, diagnostic, and anticancer agents, in wound dressings, and imaging, etc. The synthesis of AgNPs by physical and chemical methods usually requires expensive equipment, high pressure and temperature, stabilizers, and toxic reducing reagents. The green routes of synthesis of AgNPs by exploring plant parts and microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, algae, etc., has advantages over physical and chemical methods as green approaches are environmentally-friendly, cost-effective, fast, pollution-free, and most importantly, provides non-toxic and biocompatible natural reducing and stabilizing agents. Reports on biosynthesis of AgNPs using single-celled yeasts remains limited and a few yeast species, such as yeast strain MKY3 [6], Saccharomyces boulardii [7], S. cerevisiae [8], Candida albicans [9,10], Candida utilis [11], and Candida lusitaniae [5] have been reported
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