Biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles and their antimicrobial and biocompatibility studies: a sustainable approach.

In present research article, single‐step biosynthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) is reported by using Sapindus mukorossi (SM) fruit extract as a source of reducing and capping agents. Biosynthesized spherical magnetic IONPs are characterized using XRD, ATR‐IR, FE‐SEM, VSM, BET, and XPS techniques. VSM analysis indicates an Ms value of 30.505 emu g−1, BET analysis reveals a specific surface area of 9.691 m2 g−1, and XPS confirms the formation of Fe₂O₃. NMR, GC‐MS, and HR‐MS techniques reveal the biological molecules present in SM fruit extract including flavonoids, diterpenoids, and antioxidants. These biomolecules perform a dynamic role of capping, stabilizing, and reducing agents to synthesize stable IONPs, using a bottom‐up synthesis approach. They exhibit nonantibacterial potential against both Gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus, (S. aureus), Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis)) and Gram‐negative (Escherichia coli, (E. coli), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa)) microorganisms. Nonantifungal potential against different fungi (Penicillium spp., Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum), and Rhizoctonia solani (R. solani)) is also observed. The biosynthesized IONPs exhibit inertness toward the L929 normal fibroblast cell line, making them a promising candidate for drug delivery and various therapeutic and diagnostic applications.

This study investigates the biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs) using the cell-free supernatant of Pseudomonas fluorescens. The synthesized Fe2O3NPs were characterized through UV–VIS, XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDX, TEM, BET, and VSM analyses. The XRD results confirmed that Fe2O3NPs were successfully synthesized and EDX analysis indicated that iron accounted for 89.5% of the sample composition. Imaging via SEM and TEM revealed average diameters of 20.43 ± 5.38 nm and 24.32 ± 5.03 nm, respectively. The antimicrobial effects of Fe2O3NPs were assessed against four bacterial strains and four fungal species. Inhibition zones of 8.35 ± 0.103 mm and 8.31 ± 0.128 mm were observed for Pseudomonas syringae and Staphylococcus aureus at a concentration of 400 μg mL−1 of Fe2O3NPs. Antifungal efficacy showed growth rate reductions of 90.4% for Aspergillus niger, 71.1% for Monilinia fructigena, 68.8% for Botrytis cinerea, and 84.2% for Penicillium expansum, compared to controls. The nanoparticles demonstrated photocatalytic degradation efficiencies of 89.93%, 84.81%, and 79.71% for methyl violet, methyl orange, and methylene blue, respectively. Also Fe2O3NPs exhibited significant DPPH free radical scavenger activity with an IC50 value of 8.45 ± 0.59 μg mL−1. The study’s findings underscored the significant potential of Fe2O3NPs in addressing environmental pollution and combating pathogenic microorganisms.

ABSTRACTSageretia thea (Osbeck.) was used as an effective chelating agent for the biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP's) and extensively characterized through XRD, FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, HR-SEM/TEM and SAED. Antibacterial assays against five human pathogenic bacterial strains were carried out and minimum inhibitory concentrations were calculated. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC: 7.4 µg/mL) was the most susceptible strain to biosynthesized IONPs. All of the fungal strains showed susceptibility to the IONPs. MTT cytotoxic assay was carried out against the promastigote and amastigote cultures of Leishmania tropica and their IC50 values were calculated as 17.2 and 16.75 µg/mL. The cytotoxic potential was further assessed using brine shrimps, and the IC50 was calculated as 16.46 µg/mL. Moderate antioxidant activities were reported. Human RBCs and macrophages were found to be biocompatible with biogenic IONPs (IC50 > 200 µg/mL).

The biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles has received increasing attention in the field of food nanotechnology because of their non-toxicity, high efficiency, high antibacterial power, and decontamination features. Therefore, biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (nFe) was prepared from the leaves of some vegetables, such as cabbage (C) and turnips (T), as well as moringa leaves (M). Alcoholic extracts of these nanoparticles were also tested on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli to evaluate their antibacterial activity. The results revealed that the particle sizes of the biosynthesis nanomaterials studied ranged from 12.99 to 22.72 nm, and the particles were spherical, irregular, and surrounded by black color. It also contains many functional groups and minerals. Iron nanoparticles modified with Moringa oleifera extract at a concentration of 200 ppm had the highest phenol content compared to other biosynthesis nanoparticles studied. TnFe and MnFe at 200 ppm had a maximum zone of inhibition of 25 mm and 24 mm against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, respectively. While the minimum inhibition zone of 8.0 mm was observed at 25 ppm for nFe against Escherichia coli. Therefore, it is recommended to use these extracts of biosynthesis iron oxide nanoparticles as antibacterial agents for stored foods.

Green and sustainable biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle (ION) from pomegranate seed and the development of highly reinforced ION based natural rubber (NR) nanocomposite in presence of epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) as compatibilizer

Nanoparticles biosynthesis has gained great importance as an active eco-friendly method with economic benefit which overcame on other chemical and physical methods. This research involved green biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using Escherichia coli (E.coli) isolated from wastewater in Mosul city. Characterization of nanoparticles was performed by using many techniques which included UV-Vis Spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transforms Spectroscopy (FTIR). Designing of a locally lab scale wastewater treatment plant was done by using IONPs adding to a dual water purification system, after tightly wrapping the filter with (1%) of IONPs solution up to saturation. Moreover, control filter was used. Sample of wastewater was passed through these filters to detect its effect on wastewater quality, the results showed that NPs filters improved physical, chemical and biological properties of wastewater including total plate count, coliform, fecal coliform and total fungi.

Background: The biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticle (NP) formation was carried out using ethyl acetate extract of fungus Chaetomium cupreum as reducing agents. The C. cupreum contains azaphilones pigments which poses various biological activities. Objectives: The synthesis of iron oxide NP and their anticancer potential was investigated. Materials and Methods: The anticancer activities of biosynthesized iron oxide NP were evaluated using tetrazolium bromide assay, measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and inhibition of tumorsphere formation. Results: In the present study, the X-ray diffraction shows the presence of gamma phase iron oxide NP withe the type of Fe2O3. The anticancer potential of iron oxide NP was investigated against human breast cancer cell line. The anticancer activity of biosynthesized iron oxide NP against MCF-7 was 20.5, 30.5, 41.1, 55.3 67.5, and 75.25 at 50 μg/ml after 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 24 h of treatment, respectively. The results showed that Fe2O3NP induced ROS generation to 68.22% at the concentration of 25 μg/ml and 83.66% at 50 μg/ml as compared to 48.22 in control after 15 h of treatment. The results showed that Fe2O3NP treatment increased depolarization MMP to 8.52% at 25 μg/ml and 10.74% at 50 μg/ml as compared to 6.35% in untreated cells after 24 h. Thus, treatment with Fe2O3NPs showed significant inhibition of MCF-7 tumorsphere formation at higher concentration. Conclusion: The biosynthesized iron oxide NP using ethyl acetate extract of C. cupreum exhibit significant anticancer activity.

Present study investigates the use of bacteria isolated from dairy effluent for biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP). For this purpose bacteria from the effluent were isolated and cultured on Nutrient Agar medium and their supernatant was employed for the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by using UV- Vis spectrophotometry, upto an absorption peak at 280nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed crystalline structure of the nanoparticles with an average crystallite size of 13.9 to 15.9 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the nanoparticles were spherical in shape. FTIR analysis showed adsorption band at 529.47 cm-1 and 433.45 cm-1 which indicated the presence of a Fe-O stretching, likely capped or stabilized by organic molecules. Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis indicated peak at iron region, confirming the formation of iron oxide. Further studies on newly synthesized IONP revealed its phosphate removal ability.

The sequestration of contaminants from wastewater, such as heavy metals, has become a major global issue. Multiple technologies have been developed to address this issue. Nanotechnology is attracting significant interest as a new technology, and numerous nanomaterials have been produced for sequestrating heavy metals from polluted water due to their superior properties arising from the nanoscale effect. This study reports biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IO-NPs) and their applications for adsorptive sequestration of various metal ions from aqueous solutions. Biosynthesis of IO-NPs has been carried out by using leaf extract of Spilanthes acmella, a medicinal plant. FTIR analysis of the leaf extract and biosynthesized IO-NPs marked the role of various functional groups in biosynthesis of IO-NPs. FESEM analysis revealed the average size range of IO-NPs as 50 to 80nm, while polydisperse nature was confirmed by DLS analysis. EDX analysis revealed the presence of Fe, O, and C atoms in the elemental composition of the NPs. The antioxidant potential of the biosynthesized IO-NPs (IC50 = 136.84µg/mL) was confirmed by DPPH assay. IO-NPs were also used for the adsorptive removal of As3+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+ ions from aqueous solutions with process optimization at an optimized pH (7.0) using dosage of IO-NPs as 0.6g/L (As3+ and Co2+) and 0.8g/L (Cd2+ and Cu2+). Adsorption isotherm analysis revealed the maximum adsorption efficiency for As3+ (21.83mg/g) followed by Co2+ (20.43mg/g), Cu2+ (15.29mg/g), and Cd2+ (13.54mg/g) using Langmuir isotherm model. The biosynthesized IO-NPs were equally efficient in the simultaneous sequestration of these heavy metal ions signifying their potential as effective nanoadsorbents.

In the past decade, the attention of science and technology has focused on production of nanoparticles. There are various ways for synthesizing of nanoparticles that many of them are not cost effective due to power and material consumption. Therefore, production of nanoparticles through biologic ways is needed. For this purpose, different biological structures such as plants, algae, and microorganisms such as bacteria, string molds, and yeasts are used for nanoparticles production. This study is focused on biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles by cytoplasmic extracts of bacteria Lactobacillus Fermentum, which is a probiotic microorganism, based on the method of green chemistry. After preparation of cytoplasmic extract of bacteria Lactobacillus Fermentum through freez-thow method, iron sulfate solution (III) with a concentration of 10-3 M was added in an equal volume ratio (V / V% 10) and incubated for 3 weeks at 37 ° C in the presence of 5% carbon dioxide. Production of nanoparticles was investigated by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Changing the color of solution to black is an indication of iron sulfate nanoparticles production. The formation of iron oxide nano crystals by Lactobacillus Fermentum cytoplasmic extract was shown by XRD analysis. The average nanoparticles sizes as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were found to be about 10-15 nm with a spherical shape. Using Lactobacillus fermentum cytoplasmic extract can be considered as an efficient biological method for the production of iron oxide nanoparticles .In addition to be environmentally friendly, this method is cost effective.

Background and Purpose: biosynthesis of nanoparticles by candida albicans is considered one of the new methods to synthesize iron nanoparticles (FeNPs), and it has been presented in some significant industries and the medical fields, especially ‎in the development of new antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical industries, as an alternative ‎to traditional antimicrobial agents. This paper focuses on the synthesis of iron nanoparticles, ‎which are prepared by candida albicans, and the possibility of these ‎prepared nanoparticles being an antimicrobial agent in vitro Materials and Methods: FeNPs are synthesized by iron salt using candida albicans. The prepared FeNPs suspension was tested ‎using UV-visible spectroscopy and FTIR Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy ‎to identify the formation of FeNPs. The antimicrobial activity of prepared FeNPs suspension was confirmed on the plates (in vitro). Results: The data show that the synthesis of FeNPs using candida albicans is ‎a suitable and safe compatible, less expensive, less time-consuming, stable, and eco-friendly method for producing a good concentration of FeNPs, with a concentration of ‎9.4 ug\ml representing the minimum inhibitory concentration for the inhibition of some pathogenic bacteria on ‎the plate. Conclusion: The FeNPs prepared suspension has antimicrobial activity in vitro.

Green protocols being eco-friendly and cost effective approach are most widely used for the production of iron oxide nanoparticles using plant-mediated extract of Citrus Sinensis, moreoverbiosynthesized iron oxide (FeO) nanoparticles shows better antibacterial activity.Green synthesis of nanoparticles has been broadly studied from the past few years because of their different features and potential applications in various fields. The successful biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles was confirmed and characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and Zeta sizer. Antibacterial effect of biologically produced iron oxide nanoparticles was tested against Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Macrococus). These results exhibited that iron oxide nanoparticles have high antibacterial potential as these nanoparticles showed significant zone of inhibition against bacteria strains. The proposed green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) from Citrus Sinensis can be strongly recommended as a potential method for industrial application.

Nowadays, extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli has been recognized and recorded worldwide as one of the main causing agents and a major contributor to nosocomial infections. The current study aimed to isolate and detect β-lactamase-producing E. coli and use it in the extracellular biosynthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs). Fifteen Gram-negative (G-ve), lactose-fermenting, negative citrate and non-spore-forming coliform bacteria were isolated from the total bacterial isolates from water samples. Different tests were performed to detect β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates including the chromogenic methods as acidimetric and iodometric techniques and the phenotypic methods as cloverleaf test and Masuda double-disc test. ESBL-producing E. coli was detected and confirmed by a modified double disc synergy test using ceftazidime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid, imipenem, cefepime, and cefoxitin. The quantitative assay of β-lactamase was done using a micro-iodometric assay. Among E. coli bacterial isolates, S1B1 isolate (the highest isolate of β-lactamase activity) was selected and tested for the extracellular biosynthesis of Fe2O3 NPs. The produced nanoparticles (NPs) were characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscope and Zeta analysis. Results confirmed the successful biosynthesis of Fe2O3 NPs which displayed an absorption peak at 346 nm and a Fe2O3 crystallographic lattice plane at (104). Fe2O3 NPs were negatively charged spherical-shaped NPs with an average size of ≈ 24 ± 2 nm. The FTIR spectrum refers to the presence of NPs-associated proteins which act as stabilizing and capping agents. Antibacterial activity of Fe2O3 NPs was tested against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Bacillus cereus ATCC6633 (G+ve bacterium), Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC27853 (G-ve bacterium), as well as the β-lactamase-producing E. coli S1B1 strain. Fe2O3 NPs revealed moderate to strong antibacterial action against the tested strains with a minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) ranging from 25 to 40 µg/ml.

Sustainability, Ecofriendly, and green technology are key principles guiding the biosynthesis of nanoparticles in this research. This work aimed to utilize Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) as antimicrobial agents, what offers a promising solution to combat antibiotic-resistant pathogens. In this study, 120 food samples were analyzed. Food origin Citrobacter freundii was isolated and identified accurately to be used then for the biosynthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticles. Iron Oxide Nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized using different assays. Atomic force microscope was the principle characterization technique. Their antimicrobial activity was tested against foodborne and clinical bacterial isolates. The results of this study revealed that the biosynthesized IONPs were in a diameter of 32.86 nm with magnetic properties. The biosynthesized IONPs inhibited the biofilm formation of both food and clinical isolates. The main conclusion of this work is that food origin C. freundii is an excellent reducing agent in the biosynthesis of these bioactive nano-scale materials. This research is the first to synthesize Ferric oxide NPs using C. freundii marking a new approach in the field. Clinical C. freundii required a higher IO-NPs dose more than foodborne isolates. This calls for stronger therapies, while foodborne C. freundii still poses contamination risks despite lower resistance. Addressing both could improve antimicrobial treatments and food safety.

Nowadays, tend to use nanotechnology in various fields such as medical science and pharmacology have increased. Making nanoparticles can be done by different ways, but, due to the hazards and environmental pollution caused by them, green synthesis has attracted much attention. Green synthesis of biological resources such as plants, green algae, and microorganisms like bacteria and yeast are used for the production of nanoparticles. For the production of iron oxide nanoparticles this research, in line with the objectives of green synthesis, used the lactobacillus casei extract as a biological source. In this study, green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles were performed usingLactobacillus casei extract as a biological source cytoplasmic extract of lactobacillus casei and iron sulfate solution 10-3 M [pH=5.6] were mixed in a V/V 10 % volume ratio, and incubated for 3 weeks at 37 °C in the presence of 5% carbon dioxide. Synthesizing iron oxide nanoparticles was studied by electron microscope and x-ray microdiffraction. After three weeks of incubation, the color of iron sulfate and the extract solution was changed from colorless to black. According to XRD analysis, synthesis of iron oxide nano crystals was confirmed. The average synthesized nanoparticles diameters as determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was found to be about 15 nm with a spherical shape. Production of iron oxide nanoparticles through green synthesis method using cytoplasmic extract of lactobacillus casei as a microorganism probiotic is biologically safe, of low cost, simple, efficient, and eco-friendly treatment that has attracted a lot of attention in medicine, pharmacology, and targeted drug delivery.