Abstract
Bioprinting techniques can be used for the in vitro fabrication of functional complex bio-structures. Thus, extensive research is being carried on the use of various techniques for the development of 3D cellular structures. This article focuses on direct writing techniques commonly used for the fabrication of cell structures. Three different types of bioprinting techniques are depicted: Laser-based bioprinting, ink-jet bioprinting and extrusion bioprinting. Further on, a special reference is made to the use of the bioprinting techniques for the fabrication of 2D and 3D liver model structures and liver on chip platforms. The field of liver tissue engineering has been rapidly developed, and a wide range of materials can be used for building novel functional liver structures. The focus on liver is due to its importance as one of the most critical organs on which to test new pharmaceuticals, as it is involved in many metabolic and detoxification processes, and the toxicity of the liver is often the cause of drug rejection.
Highlights
Over the past few decades, printing technology has advanced from two-dimensional (2D) printing to an additive process in which successive layers of material are arranged to create 3D objects [1,2]
3D bioprinting technology enables the fabrication of biomimetic tissues and implants with the use of biomaterials, growth factors, and living cells, which can either be printed in a specific pattern for the development of the final tissue structure or, in many cases, can be printed on an already existing 3D matrix
The most commonly used direct writing techniques for the printing of cells are laser-based techniques, inkjet printing, and microextrusion printing. Those techniques are mainly chosen because they can adapt to the cultivation environment, can create high-resolution cell structures, and, in many cases, can be used to create 3D scaffolds for the cell growth
Summary
Over the past few decades, printing technology has advanced from two-dimensional (2D) printing to an additive process in which successive layers of material are arranged to create 3D objects [1,2]. Hull as “stereolithography” [3]. In this technique, thin layers of a material were printed in layers to form solid 3D structures using photochemical processes. Since the 1990s, stereolithographic models have been used for creating sacrificial resin molds for the formation of 3D scaffolds of biological materials. Those materials are used for transplantation with or without seeded cells [4]. The generation was “3D bioprinting,” which was used as a tool for tissue engineering and organ fabrication
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