Abstract
Because of the increasing use of dental implants, dental practitioners should understand the treatment and nature of peri-implant diseases (PIDs). This disease is a serious problem of dentistry, regarding epidemiology and therapy. Due to the increase in the practice of implantology as well as the increased number of implants placed every year, the rate of PID has widely increased. Peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, gingivitis, and periodontitis are common clinical manifestations of the disease. PIDs are caused by chronic inflammatory processes in the tissues around an intraoral implant, with increasing incidence, and have become a health concern. Bacterial infections are involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The imbalance between the host response and bacterial biofilm results in tissue destruction. New challenges lie in the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of PIDs. The aim of this overview was to focus on the nature of the disease itself, useful diagnostic criteria, common responsible bacteria, and the prosthetic effects of fixed restorations on the health of the periodontium since recognizing the parameters involved in the development of periodontal and PIDs will play a crucial role in preventing the progression and minimizing the complications of these diseases having a fixed prosthesis.
Highlights
Loss of teeth or part of a tooth due to caries and periodontal disease is one of the undeniable problems in today’s society
The accumulation of microorganisms and the formation of microbial plaque can lead to gingival resorption and periodontal degeneration and marginal caries and, tooth sensitization, crown looseness, and lead to periodontal disease [4]. e link between periodontal and host microbes is usually benign, but when certain bacterial species overgrow in the subgingival spaces, they can cause periodontal inflammation and destruction with loss of tooth connection and bone loss
Dental implants biological complications include plaque-related diseases, and the clinical manifestations are peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, gingivitis, periodontitis [9], and non-plaque-related conditions near dental implants, such as mucosal hyperplasia, implant mucosal recession, lesions caused by trauma, and different nonspecific clinical diseases [10]
Summary
Loss of teeth or part of a tooth due to caries and periodontal disease is one of the undeniable problems in today’s society. Bacterial species must be able to colonize the subgingival area to produce virulence factors that can directly (by producing enzymes or toxins) or indirectly (by producing antigens and activators) lead to the onset of a destructive inflammatory reaction in individuals and periodontal tissue injury [6]. Dental implants biological complications include plaque-related diseases, and the clinical manifestations are peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis, gingivitis, periodontitis [9], and non-plaque-related conditions near dental implants, such as mucosal hyperplasia, implant mucosal recession, lesions caused by trauma, and different nonspecific clinical diseases [10] Diagnosis of such plaque-induced and nonplaque-related peri-implant diseases is associated with plaque-related active infection, for example, bleeding on probing, radiographic bone loss, exudate/suppuration, and increasing the depth of probing pocket. E aim of this review study was to gather conclusive information on diagnostic criteria for peri-implant diseases and the effect of fixed restorations and cementation on the health of the peri-implant tissues
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