Abstract
The diagnostics of inner ear diseases are primarily functional, but there is a growing interest in inner ear biomarkers. The present scoping review aimed to elucidate gaps in the literature regarding the definition, classification system, and an overview of the potential uses of inner ear biomarkers. Relevant biomarkers were categorized, and their possible benefits were evaluated. The databases OVID Medline, EMBASE, EBSCO COINAHL, CA PLUS, WOS BIOSIS, WOS Core Collection, Proquest Dissertations, Theses Global, PROSPERO, Cochrane Library, and BASE were searched using the keywords “biomarker” and “inner ear”. Of the initially identified 1502 studies, 34 met the inclusion criteria. The identified biomarkers were classified into diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic, and pathognomonic; many were detected only in the inner ear or temporal bone. The inner-ear-specific biomarkers detected in peripheral blood included otolin-1, prestin, and matrilin-1. Various serum antibodies correlated with inner ear diseases (e.g., anti-type II collagen, antinuclear antibodies, antibodies against cytomegalovirus). Further studies are advised to elucidate the clinical significance and diagnostic or prognostic usage of peripheral biomarkers for inner ear disorders, filling in the literature gaps with biomarkers pertinent to the otology clinical practice and integrating functional and molecular biomarkers. These may be the building blocks toward a well-structured guideline for diagnosing and managing some audio-vestibular disorders.
Highlights
The first reports of biological markers, or biomarkers, date back to the 1980s, with the discovery of a soluble form of a membrane-bound enzyme active in the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins and glycolipids, detectable in patients with breast cancer [1]
Garrett et al [90] concluded that the separation of the response into acceleration and deceleration might be beneficial in distinguishing between Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) and Meniere’s disease, the results suggested that the DC component warrants further analysis [91]
This work is a trial to arrange the available data into inner-ear-specific and non-specific biomarkers
Summary
The first reports of biological markers, or biomarkers, date back to the 1980s, with the discovery of a soluble form of a membrane-bound enzyme active in the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate moiety of glycoproteins and glycolipids, detectable in patients with breast cancer [1]. McCarthy and Shugart defined biomarkers as “measurements of molecular, biochemical, or cellular level in either wild populations from contaminated habitats or organisms when exposed to pollutants, toxic chemicals” [2]. Biomarkers are thought to increase in response to the magnitude of exposure of the organisms to a contaminant. The clinical utility of a biomarker is predicated on it being specific to an organ or disease process and measurable (e.g., serum), changing in response to disease, and distinguishing between healthy and diseased states. Depledge and Fossi reported a more comprehensive definition. They described biomarkers as a biochemical, cellular, physiological, or behavioral change that can be measured in tissues or at the level of the whole organism that reveals the exposure at/or the effects of one or more chemical pollutants [4]
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