Abstract
Proteoglycans (PG) are glycoconjugates that are involved in multiple biological functions, from structural to complex signaling and organizing functions and are characterized by one or more O-linked glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains, that include heparin (Hep), heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS), chondroitin sulfate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS). PG have a predominant role in the extracellular matrix (ECM) participating from structural roles involving hydration, protection and lubrication of cartilage to complex signaling and growth factor sequestering activities that, alongside adhesive properties, organize the ECM as well as the interphase of cell-ECM interactions, maintaining tissue homeostasis. In this article we will review the fundamental aspects of GAG biosynthesis and highlight the key functional roles of PG in physiology and disease.
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