Abstract
Simple SummaryThe tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris, is a polyphagous, sap-feeder that causes significant economic damage in several field crops, especially cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the mid-southern United States. In 2020, it was reported that 4.8 million acres of cotton were infested by Lygus spp. in the United States. A broad host range, polyphagous feeding behavior and high mobility of this pest along with resistance development to conventional pesticides helped them establish as a significant pest of concern for cotton growers in the mid-south. Since the publication of a review by Layton (2000) on damage caused by Lygus lineolaris, many new research studies have been published on the Lygus biology, ecology, and integrated pest management strategies. A comprehensive review paper that summarizes these latest research developments and Lygus management strategies will be useful for researchers and cotton growers. In this review, we report and discuss the latest developments in Lygus research and the new control strategies that have been developed in the last two decades.The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), (Hemiptera: Miridae) is considered the most damaging pest of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in the mid-southern United States, although it is established throughout the United States, southern Canada, and northern Mexico. The introduction of transgenic crops for the control of moths in the Heliothine complex and eradication of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, from much of the United States led to greatly reduced pesticide use in cotton fields, which allowed L. lineolaris to emerge as a new primary pest of cotton in the mid-southern United States. Since the publication of a review by Layton (2000) on damage caused by Lygus lineolaris, many new studies have been published on the changes in host range, population dynamics, sampling methods and thresholds, cultural practices, sex pheromones and attractant blends, novel pesticides and insecticide resistance mechanisms, olfactory and feeding behaviors, introduction of biological control agents, host-plant resistance mechanisms, and new molecular and genetic tools for integrated pest management of Lygus species in cotton and other important crops. Here, we review and discuss the latest developments in L. lineolaris research in the last two decades.
Highlights
The success of boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) eradication program and the introduction of transgenic (Bt) cotton in the mid-1990s considerably reduced the application of broad-spectrum insecticides in US cotton fields
The abundance of L. lineolaris is greater in cotton fields that are adjacent to other crops or natural ecosystems [8], and Lygus bugs’
Hagler et al [206] reported a molecular gut analysis technique called universal food immunomarking technique (UFIT) for tagging L. hesperus nymphs and adult stages using a protein marker. This UFIT technique combined with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) identified the different stage-specific predators of Lygus species, and this information could contribute to IPM strategies against this pest
Summary
The success of boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) eradication program and the introduction of transgenic (Bt) cotton in the mid-1990s considerably reduced the application of broad-spectrum insecticides in US cotton fields. The tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), (Hemiptera: Miridae), which previously had been indirectly controlled by the applications of broad-spectrum insecticides targeting other cotton pests, emerged as a major pest of cotton and other crops in the USA. The reduction in broad-spectrum insecticide applications in cotton fields, following the success of the boll weevil eradication program and the introduction of transgenic cotton (Bt cotton), contributed to the emergence of L. lineolaris as a major cotton pest [16]. Recent studies reported on the use of semiochemicals for trapping and monitoring, new cultural practices, introduction of biological control agents, development of new host plant resistance strategies based on the use of Cry proteins from Bacillus thuringensis (Bt), and the use of molecular tools and techniques to develop efficient management practices against different Lygus species. This review will report and discuss recent advances in the L. lineolaris research and the different management strategies reported in recent years
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