Abstract
In the strict sense of the term, biological markers of tumors are substances — such as enzymes, hormones, or antigens — which are produced by the respective tumor and released into the body fluids where they may be detected. However, in a broader sense, the term includes characteristic reactions of the organism against the tumor, such as the formation of antibodies or cellular immune factors to tumor antigens. There are several examples of the successful application of such biological markers for the diagnosis or postoperative follow-up of human malignancies: the determination of AFP in liver carcinoma [13], of β-HCG in chorionic carcinoma [15], of CEA in colon carcinoma [14], and of EBV-antibodies in Burkitt lymphoma [9].
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