Abstract
In cartilage tissue engineering, the target cells' functional performance depends on the biomaterials. However, it is difficult to develop an appropriate scaffold to differentiate mouse adipose-derived stem cells (mADSCs) into chondrocyte despite an increasing number of studies on biological scaffold materials. The purpose of this study was to create a novel scaffold for mADSC culture and chondrogenic differentiation with a new series of microgels based on polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and able to resist swelling with changes in temperature, pH, and polymer concentration. The biocompatibility and ability of the nonswelling microgels were then examined and served as scaffolds for cell culture and for cartilage differentiation. The results show that the new microgels are a novel biomaterial that both retains its nonswelling properties under various conditions and facilitates important scaffold functions such as cell adhesion, proliferation, and cartilage induction.
Highlights
Cartilage defect disease is a global health problem and surgical intervention remains its only therapeutic modality with a reparative e ect [1,2,3,4]
Tissue engineering provides a unique treatment for cartilage reparation [5,6,7]. e operative usage of tissue engineering to repair cartilage disease requires the optimal combination of three key ingredients: seed cells, biological sca olds, and growth factors [8,9,10]. is study was interested in the biological sca olds. e ideal biological materials must be able to retain their biocompatibility [11,12,13] and provide a good biological environment for cell growth
Delivery platforms such as natural and synthetic nanogels, microgels, and hydrogels are coming out because of their excellent mechanical properties, degradation rates, tunable architectural features, biocompatibility, and capacity to deliver any cargos [14,15,16,17,18,19]. ese systems have been applied to various biomedical usage so far, which includes: three-dimensional platforms to study in vitro cellular responses [20,21,22], cell delivery platforms which are capable of regulating paracrine responses to angiogenesis [23], peptide, and protein delivery vehicles [24, 25]
Summary
Cartilage defect disease is a global health problem and surgical intervention remains its only therapeutic modality with a reparative e ect [1,2,3,4]. E operative usage of tissue engineering to repair cartilage disease requires the optimal combination of three key ingredients: seed cells, biological sca olds, and growth factors [8,9,10]. Microgels and hydrogels are cross-bonded hydrophilic networks of polymers that swell in water [26] and are widely used in regenerative medicines as implantable and injectable biomaterials [27], temporary sca olds for cell culture, or as reservoirs for drug release [26, 28,29,30]. E mycrogels reported here is BioMed Research International a nonswelling mycrogel system that resists various changes in temperature, pH, and polymer concentration for usage in drug release and tissue engineering Several nonswelling microgels had previously been reported, but each experienced swelling when conditions such as temperature and pH were changed [35,36,37,38,39,40,41]. ese early attempts at creating a nonswelling mycrogel relied on the balancing of the forces between those exerted due to the hydrophobic (shrinking) portion of the mycrogel and the hydrophilic (swelling) portion to attain a mycrogel that resisted swelling in water. e mycrogels reported here is BioMed Research International a nonswelling mycrogel system that resists various changes in temperature, pH, and polymer concentration for usage in drug release and tissue engineering
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