Abstract
BackgroundhCG is a term referring to 4 independent molecules, each produced by separate cells and each having completely separate functions. These are hCG produced by villous syncytiotrophoblast cells, hyperglycosylated hCG produced by cytotrophoblast cells, free beta-subunit made by multiple primary non-trophoblastic malignancies, and pituitary hCG made by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary.Results and discussionhCG has numerous functions. hCG promotes progesterone production by corpus luteal cells; promotes angiogenesis in uterine vasculature; promoted the fusion of cytotrophoblast cell and differentiation to make syncytiotrophoblast cells; causes the blockage of any immune or macrophage action by mother on foreign invading placental cells; causes uterine growth parallel to fetal growth; suppresses any myometrial contractions during the course of pregnancy; causes growth and differentiation of the umbilical cord; signals the endometrium about forthcoming implantation; acts on receptor in mother's brain causing hyperemesis gravidarum, and seemingly promotes growth of fetal organs during pregnancy.Hyperglycosylated hCG functions to promote growth of cytotrophoblast cells and invasion by these cells, as occurs in implantation of pregnancy, and growth and invasion by choriocarcinoma cells. hCG free beta-subunit is produced by numerous non-trophoblastic malignancies of different primaries. The detection of free beta-subunit in these malignancies is generally considered a sign of poor prognosis. The free beta-subunit blocks apoptosis in cancer cells and promotes the growth and malignancy of the cancer. Pituitary hCG is a sulfated variant of hCG produced at low levels during the menstrual cycle. Pituitary hCG seems to mimic luteinizing hormone actions during the menstrual cycle.
Highlights
It is difficult to say who was the discoverer of the hormone we call human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
It is difficult to say who was the discoverer of the hormone we call hCG
In 1912, Aschner stimulated the genital tract of guinea pigs with injections of a water-soluble extracts of human placenta [1]
Summary
HCG is a hormone comprising an a-subunit and a b-subunit which are held together by non-covalent hydrophobic and ionic interactions. Produced by trophoblast cells take over corpus luteal progesterone production rom luteinizing hormone (LH), acting on a joint hCG/LH receptor. This continues for approximately 3 to 4 weeks. There is hCG, produced by differentiated syncytiotrophoblast cells or villous syncytiotrophoblast cells as pregnancy progresses [5,6,7] This is the molecules that promotes progesterone production by ovarian corpus luteal cells and has multiple other biological functions as described below. HCG only promotes progesterone production for 3-4 weeks following pregnancy implantation This function is active for approximately 10% of the length of pregnancy. Mimics LH functions, promoting follicular growth, meiosis, stigma formation, ovulation, luteogenesis and promoting progesterone production
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