Biological Flora of the British Isles:Quercus rubra

Abstract

AbstractThis account presents information on all aspects of the biology ofQuercus rubraL. (Red Oak, Northern Red Oak; syn.Q. borealis,Q. maxima) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of theBiological Flora of the British Isles:distribution; habitat; communities; responses to biotic factors; responses to environment; structure and physiology; phenology; floral and seed characters; herbivores and disease; history; and conservation.Quercus rubrais a large deciduous tree native to eastern North America. In its native range this species is one of the most important mid‐successional tree species. Since the 18th centuryQ. rubrahas been introduced into forest management in Europe and elsewhere. Currently,Q. rubrais a naturalized species in 23 countries. It is an important source of wood, and this was one of the most important reasons for its introduction in forests. In forest management this species is valued for its high growth rate and drought resistance. Red Oak is also widely cultivated in Europe for its ornamental value—red leaves in autumn and smooth, grey bark.Red Oak is a threat to native species within its introduced range as it can alter environmental conditions beneath its canopy, especially by decreasing light availability and litter decomposition rate. Such conditions also contribute to biotic homogenization of the understorey vegetation.Q. rubrais widely dispersed by small mammals and birds, up to 1,500 m from seed sources, thereby increasing its potential invasiveness.In EuropeQ. rubraseems to be less prone to herbivores and fungi, in contrast to its native range, where it is grazed by ungulates and insects, and infected byPhytophthoraand oak wilt. Due to its higher tolerance to drought than native European oaks,Q. rubrais claimed to be one of the species replacing native trees which are decreasing due to climate warming. However, consideration of all possible consequences is needed in wide‐scale introduction of alien species, such asQ. rubra, due to negative impacts on native ecosystems.