Abstract
Pest management is a critical component of agricultural and forestry production systems. In the past, chemical pesticides were the standard control measures. Today, other approaches, such as biological control, are becoming viable options to chemicals. Biological control agents are living organisms (or parts of living organisms) that interfere with the productivity of other living organisms. In terms of biotechnology, biological control agents are used by human beings for the protection of resources that they want. Biological control agents encompass a wide range of organisms from insects, mites, fungi, bacteria, to viruses. Biological control programs have been successfully used to control noxious weeds, plant pathogens, and invertebrate and vertebrate pests. Production, deployment, and establishment of biological control agents are important parameters in determining the success of these agents for pest management. Also, recent advances in genetic engineering have incorporated some biological control agents into the genomes of crops. Biological control agents are part of a complex natural ecosystem and can be regarded as biotechnology practiced at the level of simple anthropogenic ecosystems.
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