Abstract
Nanoparticles are ultrafine structures with dimensions less than 100 nm. Nanoparticles have diverse applications. There are three important methods of fabrication of nanoparticles namely physical, chemical and biological methods. Physical method is a top down strategy for the fabrication of nanoparticles. It is energy intensive and time consuming. A chemical method is simple, but is expensive and requires expensive chemicals with high purity and also involves hazards of contaminations. Biological synthesis is very simple, cheap and environment friendly, requiring no expensive chemicals, temperature and is time saving. Plants and microorganisms are commonly used in this method. These are available everywhere. In the present work we synthesized Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles by biological method using Aspargillus niger and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) as precursors. Biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by fungi is a safe and economical process because of formation of stable and small sized nanoparticles. Fungal biomass secretes proteins which act as reducing and stabilizing agents. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), UV-Vis (Ultraviolet, Visible) and EDX (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) techniques. Their size was in nm range and morphology of synthesized ZnO NPs was hexagonal. The ZnO nanoparticles are one of the most versatile materials and are used in cosmetics and in Bioenergy production, as a catalyst and as antibacterial material.
Highlights
Inspired by a revolutionary lecture of Richard Feynman ‘There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottomthe scientific community got a new thought process to miniaturize the prevailing technology and form an advanced branch of science called nanotechnology (Dhand et al, 2015).The term nanotechnology was introduced by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi (Chokriwal et al, 2014)
The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) (X-Ray Diffraction), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) (Ultraviolet, Visible) and Electron Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) (Energy Dispersive X-Ray) techniques
Plant extracts are rich in phytochemicals which act as reducing and stabilization agents(Suresh et al, 2018).Leaves of Cochlospermum religiosum, Plectranthus amboinicus, Andrographis paniculata, the peel of Nephelium lappacceum, the root of Polygala tenuifolia, the seeds of Physalis alkekengi are reported to synthesize Zinc Oxide NPS (Jiang et al, 2018).Jayaseelan et al explained cost effective and simple biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using bacteria Aeromonas hydrophilia.XRD analysis confirmed the presence of spherical
Summary
Inspired by a revolutionary lecture of Richard Feynman ‘There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottomthe scientific community got a new thought process to miniaturize the prevailing technology and form an advanced branch of science called nanotechnology (Dhand et al, 2015).The term nanotechnology was introduced by Tokyo Science University Professor Norio Taniguchi (Chokriwal et al, 2014). Green synthesis is a safe strategy for the production of ZnO nanoparticles because of the least amount of chemicals used These are energy efficient and cost effective methods. Natural moieties such as plants and microorganisms are used in this method (Haq et al, 2017) They allow large scale production of pure ZnO NPs which show more catalytic activity (Agarwal et al, 2017). Plant extracts are rich in phytochemicals which act as reducing and stabilization agents(Suresh et al, 2018).Leaves of Cochlospermum religiosum, Plectranthus amboinicus, Andrographis paniculata, the peel of Nephelium lappacceum, the root of Polygala tenuifolia, the seeds of Physalis alkekengi are reported to synthesize Zinc Oxide NPS (Jiang et al, 2018).Jayaseelan et al explained cost effective and simple biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles using bacteria Aeromonas hydrophilia.XRD analysis confirmed the presence of spherical. Fungi have a great tolerance to higher metal concentrations and great binding ability and reduce larger amount of metal ions into metal NPs by secreting a large number of extracellular redox proteins and enzymes (Yusof et al, 2019)
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