Bioenergy potential for heat and power generation in Indonesia based on biomass resources assessment: Analysis up to 2060

The use of bagasse, rice husk and municipal solid waste as a fuel for power generation can be an option to supplement the growing power demand as the conventional power source i.e. fossil fuel is diminishing day by day. So bagasse, rice husk and MSW have the substantial potential of such energy to be tapped in a synergistic manner. The potential of power generation by bagasse in Uttar Pradesh is 1400 MW which can replace approximately 560 tonne of coal otherwise. The green house emissions are also lower in the burning of bagasse reducing the environmental pollution. Also the potential of power generation by rice husk in Uttar Pradesh is 257.05 MW which is equivalent to energy of approximately 102 tonne of coal. At district Etawah the power generation by rice husk is approximately 9.45 MW. Likewise the potential of power generation by MSW in Uttar Pradesh is 258 MW which can save approximately 103 tonne of coal. If the power is generated by all these non conventional fuels in Uttar Pradesh then the overall power generation potential would be 1916.5MW equivalent to 766.42 tonne of coal. Even the blending of rice husk with the bagasse and MSW both is possible to have appreciable calorific value in case of scarcity of any one of three at a place. An effort is made here to study and analyze keeping the availability and environmental pollution in view of all these resources at district Etawah of Uttar Pradesh in the country.

Photovoltaic (PV) power generation has become an important clean energy generation source. In the context of transportation development and its very large energy demand, scholars have begun to use PV power generation technology on roads and their surrounding road spaces. Current research on PV power generation in road spaces has mostly focused on its feasibility and technical potential, but there have been few studies on its economic potential. For this reason, this paper used the Zhengding County of Hebei Province, China, to study the evaluation method of the technical and economic potential of PV power generation in road spaces and to analyze the development potential of PV power generation in road spaces. The results show that Zhengding County has a very high amount of road space available for PV power generation, with an effective PV installation area of 20.98 km2 and an annual theoretical power generation capacity of 1.5 billion kWh. If the PV road space project is fully operational in 2021, it could be profitable by 2026, and the net profit (NP) could reach $705 million in 2030. The application of photovoltaic power generation in road spaces is a very promising method of sustainable energy supply.

Indonesia is committed to reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG) by 29% against Business as Usual (BAU) projections in 2030 with its own efforts and 41% with international assistance as part of the Paris Agreement. In the management and utilization of electricity, the development of renewable energy (RE) power generation in Indonesia is carried out while taking into account the balance with other aspects, namely Energy Security, Energy Equity, and Energy Sustainability or called as Energy Trilemma. In accordance with PLN’s Electricity Supply and Demand Business Plan (RUPTL) 2018-2027 that has been approved by the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources, the total capacity of RE power generation to be built up to 2025 is about of 14.3 GW consists of geothermal power generation (PLTP) of 4.6 GW; hydro power generation (including mini-hydro and pump storage): 7.7 GW; solar power generation (PLTS): 1.0 GW; wind power generation (PLTB): 0.6 GW; and biomass/waste power generation (PLTBm/PLTSa): 0.4 GW. The RE power generation to be developed is still dominated by "Non-Intermittent" RE power generation (89%). While the "Intermittent" RE power generation that will be developed is still relatively small, which is only about 11%. This is due to challenges in its development, namely PLN is the only "Off-Taker" in the electricity business, and not all RE power generation can be accepted by the electricity system. As an effort to improve the development of RE power generation, the policy actions that have been or will be implemented by the government are 1) Development of RE power generation should be consider the balancing between "supply and demand" and the readiness of the electricity system to tapping the RE power generation at the most competitive costs; 2) Development of Distributed Generation or Micro-Grid; 3) Revision of the Grid Code to accommodate the Intermittent RE power generator; 4) Development of Smart-Grid; and 5) Acceleration of the Electric Vehicle Program.

Estimation of photovoltaic power generation potential in 2020 and 2030 using land resource changes: An empirical study from China

Importance of renewable energy has become paramount due to its perennial source and no adverse environmental impact. Ocean is one of the major source of renewable energy where the sun’s energy is converted into various natural phenomenon. Southwestern sea in particular, in Korea, has large range of tidal currents with potential for tidal current power generation. Tidal power has great potential for future power and electricity generation because of the massive size of the oceans. The major benefit of tidal power and difference from most renewable energy sources is that it is independent of seasons and weather, that is, it is always constant which makes power generation predictable and makes tidal power a reliable energy source. Horizontal-axis-type turbine appears to be the most technologically and economically viable option for the generation of tidal power. Several studies have shown that single-rotor turbines can obtain a theoretical maximum power coefficient of 59.3 %, whereas dual rotor can obtain a maximum of 64- %. Hence, with the optimization of counter-rotating turbines, more power can be obtained than the single-rotor turbines.

The subject of this thesis is an economic assessment of the potential for nuclear power generation in Australia. In recent years there has been intense and sometimes emotional debate on the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear power and any activity associated with the nuclear fuel cycle. Considerable controversy surrounds not only the possible social costs of any nuclear power development but also the question of whether nuclear power can generate electricity at a cost competitive with conventional forms of power generation. Leading physicists, engineers, eC0110mists and others have participated in the debate, and it was initially thought that adequate data for forecasting purposes had been accumulated. The present study indicates, however, that adequate data are not available and that existing data are open to question and interpretation. The analysis is further complicated by the existence of hidden costs which have not always been incorporated in economic assessments of the costs of both conventional and nuclear power generation. However, the available evidence strongly suggests that nuclear 110wer generation is not ••at present competitive with conventional power generation in Australia, and is not likely to be so in the forseeable future. The organization of the thesis is as follows. Chapter One outlines a theoretical framework witl1in which proposals affecting the supply of electricity can be examined. The major characteristics of electricity supply are outlil1ed as is the method by which electricity supply systems are operated to supply electricity at minimum cost e The major considerations in planning for system expansion are also examined as well as the more important aspects of electricity pricing. In Chapter Two the electricity supply industry in Eastern Australia is examined. The major aspects considered are the existing institutional arrangements, historical and projected patterns of demand and historical and current costs of Supplying electricity. The analysis is confined to the States of Queensland, Victoria and New South Wales because it is considered that these are the States into Which nuclear power is more likely to be introduced initially. Chapter Three examines the historical and current status of nuclear electricity generation overseas and the major factors which affect the economics of nuclear power generation, including those factors not generally incorporated in economic evaluations of nuclear power. These include the costs of uranium enrichment subsidization, nuclear liability insurance, nuclear reactor decommissioning, spent fuel reprocessing and radioactive waste disposal. The problem of nuclear power stations attaining load factors lower than those normally assumed in economic assessments' is also discussed. In Chapter Four the methodology for exmninil1g the potential for nuclear power generation is established, certain groundrules are arrived at and the major considerations of the earlier chapters are incorporated. The private costs of generating electricity using both nuclear power and coal are estimated, and compared, using the net present value technique. Where possible, resource costs rather than accounting costs are incorporated in the analysis. It is shown, for a range of assumptions, that conventional power generation is less expensive than nuclear power generation in each State. Locational considerations, such as the costs of fuel transportation and electricity transmission are also incorporated into the analysis to determine whether siting constraints are likely to result ill a competitive advantage to nuclear power. It is shown that this is not likely to be the case. Chapter Five incorporates other aspects which should be encompassed in the decision-making process. Included is an examination of the external costs arising from electricity generation using either nuclear power or coal and the external benefits likely to arise from either form of power generation. It is shown that the more esoteric aspects, such as environmental and health considerations, and self-sufficiency and defence arguments, could only go a very small part of the way to redressing the current cost difference between the two forms of power generation.

Biogas potential for sustainable power generation in Indonesia: opportunity and techno-economic analysis

Life Cycle Assessment, Estimation and Comparison of Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Potential of New Energy Power Generation in China

Assessment of solar thermal power generation potential in India

Thermodynamic comparison of direct supercritical CO2 and indirect brine-ORC concepts for geothermal combined heat and power generation

Assessment of concentrated solar power generation potential in China based on Geographic Information System (GIS)

The expansion of power development industry is facing enormous pressure to reduce carbon emissions in the context of global decarbonization. Using solar energy instead of traditional fossil energy to adjust energy structure is one of the important means for reducing carbon emissions. Existing research focuses on the evaluation of the generation potential of centralized or distributed photovoltaic power plants, rather than the comprehensive evaluation of multi-type power plants. Based on multi-source remote sensing data for information extraction and suitability evaluation, this paper develops a method to comprehensively evaluate the construction potential of multi-type photovoltaic power stations and determine the potential of photovoltaic power generation and carbon emission reduction on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). The results showed that estimating the power generation potential of only single-type photovoltaic power stations cannot accurately reflect the photovoltaic power generation potential of QTP. It is also demonstrated that the emission reduction effect of the photovoltaic power generation in all prefecture-level cities of QTP can meet national emission reduction targets, showing high annual power generation potential, of which 86.59% is concentrated in Qinghai province's Guoluo, Yushu, and Haixi. An accurate estimation of the photovoltaic power generation potential in QTP can provide a useful theoretical basis for developing carbon-saving and emission reduction strategies for clean energy in China.

Brazil has its energy matrix mostly based on renewable energies from hydroelectric plants, however the water potential of Northeastern States is saturated. Thus, there is a need for their diversification by other renewable sources. Regarding this context, the State of Maranhao presents properties that are favorable to the exploration of wind and tidal power, even if at different scales. However, there are barriers such as the insufficient number of studies, a significant number of areas of environmental protection and slight government incentives for the production of renewable energy. Therefore, this study proposes the comparative evaluation of the potential of wind power generation, in relation to the potential of tidal power generation in the State coast. The evaluation was done through a bibliographical research related to the proposed subject. It has been verified that wind generation is more advanced and feasible only on the western coast of the State, where average wind speeds are between $8.0 \mathrm {m}/\mathrm {s}$ and $8.5 \mathrm {m}/\mathrm {s},$ with energy density of wind of the order of $350 \mathrm {W} / \mathrm {m}^{2}.$ Consequently, there are wind farm projects in operation and prospected in the region. As for tidal power production, the State of Maranhao is one of the few sites with the potential for exploitation of tidal power in the world, with at least three bays with great potential for power generation, which are the bays of Turia $\sigma \mathrm {u}$, Bacanga estuary and Ilha do Medo. Even with the environmental obstacles, studies indicate the possibility of implementation with significant reduction of impacts, giving technical-economic viability to the project. Furthermore, the energy data extracted from the tides of its coast were higher than the data obtained by wind strength, reaching a value of up to 2,$260 \mathrm {w}/\mathrm {m}2.$

Wind energy is one of the most promising alternative renewable energy technologies at present to sustain the increasing energy demand, whereas fossil fuels have negative effects on the environment. Moreover, the fossil is directly related to air pollution, land and water degradation. Despite significant progress made in power generation using large-scale wind turbines recently, domestic-scale wind turbines have received less attention, which have immense potential for standalone power generation. In this paper, micro-scale wind power generation in the Polonnaruwa area was investigated. The technical and economic feasibility of tower-mounted micro-scale standalone wind turbine installation was conducted. The potential of micro-scale wind power generation was statistically analyzed. The average wind speed data of a three-seasonal intervals of two years (2019 and 2020) was collected and analyzed to find the potential of wind power generation in the specified area. The Weibull probability distribution was applied to calculate the wind speed distribution at different heights. Therefore, the annual wind power potential of the area and the energy production of the selected wind turbine were estimated. Study results show that installation of the wind turbine at 10m hub height for this particular area gave better performance of annual energy production, capacity factor and, carbon savings. Therefore, a 500 W turbine with low cut- in wind speed of 2 m/s, was selected as the most appropriate micro scale wind turbine which can be installed at the site under study.

Investigation of Geothermally Sourced Combined Power and Freshwater Generation Systems