Biodiesel Synthesis of Crude Palm Oil By Using Bifunctional Catalyst Sn/Kaolinite and K2CO3

Free fatty acids (FFA) contained in crude palm oil (CPO) and sludge oil has been used as the base material of biodiesel with the aid of a catalyst in the transesterification and esterification reactions. This study aims to synthesize and characterize bifunctional catalysts were synthesized from the ashes of palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) and alum based on the analysis of XRD, XRF and acidity test. Bifunctional catalyst obtained was used as a catalyst to production of biodiesel with different levels of FFA. The optimum ratio alum added was 0.2 mol at 3 hours of reaction time and 3% of catalyst by the FFA samples were used 67,40%. The catalyst with optimum alum mole variations subsequently used on samples with varying levels of FFA, namely 1.29%, 4.98%, 29.21%, 67.40% and 74.47%. Optimum conversion of methyl ester in the esterification reaction occurs in the sample with 67.40% FFA content, which reached 86.17%, while the conversion of methyl ester transesterification process optimum amounted to 45.70% in th...

Bifunctional biomass-based catalyst for biodiesel production via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) pretreatment – Synthesis, characterization and optimization

Bifunctional mixed rare earth solid catalyst for biodiesel production from acid palm oil

A bifunctional catalyst from waste eggshells and its application in biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil

This research aimed to determine the effect of adding sulfuric acid to the synthesis of sulfated oil from palm oil to the chemical properties of the resulting sulfated oil. The research method is the synthesis of sulfated oil from bulk palm oil, with a 98% H2SO4 emulsifier technically. The addition of H2SO4 varied with successive number of 10; 12.5; 15; 17.5; 20; 22.5 and 25% with sulphation time for 3 (three) hours. The resulting sulfated oil was chemically tested including water content, oil content, total alkalinity, saponification number, ash content, and SO3 levels are bound. The results showed that there was an effect of adding H2SO4 to the synthesis of oil sulfated. The addition of 25% H2SO4 is the best compared to other samples. Sulfated oil obtained by its solubility in water is more stable than other samples. The chemical properties of the sulfur oil produced have a water content of 6.47%; oil content of 81.28%; total alkalinity of 0.25%; and ash content of 2.77%; meet the requirements IS: 6357-1971, specifications of sulfated oil for leather.

Role of Ni–Fe/ZSM-5/SAPO-11 bifunctional catalyst on hydrodeoxygenation of palm oil and triolein for alternative jet fuel production

Derivation and characterization of epoxidized soybean oil and epoxy resin film produced using a three step-washing neutralization process

In the present work, we have investigated the oligomerization process of synthetic gasoline fraction, enriched with α- as well as β- and γ-olefins, which are formed in significant quantities during the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, to obtain base oils using azobisisobutyronitrile as a radical initiator for the oligomerization process. The synthetic gasoline fractions were obtained on a bifunctional cobalt catalyst with various H2/CO ratios at the reactor inlet (1.85 and 1.70) and a pressure of 2.0 MPa, a temperature of 250 °C, gas space velocity of 1000 h-1 and a circulation range of 0-16. It was determined that at a temperature of 200 °C, with the initiator content of 0.5 wt. % and the reaction duration of 12 h, the yield of the oligomerization product is ~ 25%. The content of branched C19+ hydrocarbons in the obtained products is ~ 70 wt. %. The ratio of isomeric hydrocarbons to normal hydrocarbons in the oligomerization products of samples G-01M and G-02M is 1.2 and 2.7, respectively. A comparison has also been made between the properties (kinematic viscosity, pour point, density) of polyalphaolefin oils obtained from the synthetic hydrocarbon fractions and commercially available PAO-2 oils produced in the Russian Federation by Tatneft-Nizhnekamskneftekhim-Oil JSC and TAIF lubricants. It was found that sample G-02M has a kinematic viscosity at a temperature of 100 °C equal to 1.6 cSt and a pour point of minus 50 °C, which is close to the values of kinematic viscosity (1.7 cSt) and pour point (minus 60 °C) of commercial PAO-2, produced from α-olefins, usually obtained by oligomerization of ethylene. For citation: Kataria Y.V., Kashparova V.P., Klushin V.A., Zubkova M.A., Yakovenko R.E., Zubkov I.N. Synthesis of polyalphaolefin base oils using the fischer-tropsch method. Part 1. Oligomerization by a radical mechanism of a synthetic gasoline fraction enriched in alkenes. ChemChemTech [Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol.]. 2025. V. 68. N 4. P. 73-82. DOI: 10.6060/ivkkt.20256804.7084.

In this study, alkali and bifunctional catalysts were synthesized for waste frying oil methyl ester (WFOME) synthesis. Coffee husk (CH) and CH blended with Eragrostis tef straw (TS) (CH-TS) lignocellulosic biomasses (LBs) were utilized during the catalysts' synthesis. The alkali catalysts were CH and CH-TS ashes, both modified by KNO3 impregnation. They are designated as C-45 and C-Mix, respectively. Zirconia (ZrO2) promoted CH ash catalysts via precipitation followed by impregnation (Bic-PP) and in situ precipitation-impregnation (Bic-Dm) were the bifunctional ones. CH and CH-TS chars were the supporting frameworks during the catalysts' composite materials (CCMs) preparation. The combustion performance of LBs and CCMs was evaluated and associated with the catalysts' physicochemical properties. Using XRD, SEM, FTIR, alkalinity, TOF, and BET surface area analysis, catalysts were characterized. The combustion performance of the LBs was in the order of TS > CH-TS > CH. Among CCMs, the highest combustion performance was for CCM-Mix (KNO3/(CH-TS char)) and the lowest was for CCM-45 (KNO3/ CH char). The C-Mix catalyst was a light green powder due to the reaction between inorganic components, whereas C-45 was dark gray due to the presence of unburned char. The CCMs for bifunctional catalysts had moderate combustion performance and yielded light gray powdered catalysts containing tetragonal ZrO2. The optimum WFOME yields were 98.08, 97, 92.69, and 93.05 wt % for C-Mix, C-45, Bic-Dm, and Bic-PP assisted WFO transesterification, respectively. The results were obtained at a reaction temperature of 65 °C, time of 1 h, and methanol to WFO molar ratio of 15:1 using catalyst amounts of 5 and 7 wt % for the alkali and bifunctional catalysts, respectively. The greatest moisture resistance was offered by the C-Mix catalyst. The best reusability was for the C-45 catalyst. Catalysts' deactivation modes include active site leaching and poisoning.

Sidoarjo mud is a natural material resulted from an unusual natural phenomenon and is rich in silica contents. So far, no studies have been reported about mesoporous silica from Sidoarjo Mud, which is a supported catalyst for one-step conversion to biodiesel. This study aims to explore synthesis, characterization, and applications to demonstrate the heightened activity and selectivity in the esterification- transesterification of waste palm oil into biodiesel, utilizing a one-step method aligned with the principles of green chemistry using two bifunctional catalysts (Ni/MS - NH2/MS and Ni-NH2/MS). The bifunctional catalysts were prepared by means of hydrothermal, wet impregnation, and grafting methods. The highest biodiesel yield (78.77%) was achieved under the condition of 65 °C, 3 h, methanol to oil ratio 21 : 1, and 3wt% of Ni/MS - NH2/MS as the catalyst. The catalyst was able to yield a conversion level as good as ~72% in the 3rd cycle after regeneration. The research demonstrates the industrial relevance of the catalyst, offering a sustainable solution for biodiesel production and waste management.

The study aims at assessing the physicochemical properties, heavy metals, and aflatoxins content of crude palm and groundnut oils produced and sold in the Adikpo, Wadata, and Otukpa areas of Benue state, Nigeria. Specific gravity, refractive index, acid value, saponification value, peroxide value, moisture content, and smoke point are the physicochemical properties evaluated. The heavy metals analyzed include; Lead, Nickel, Copper, Iron, Arsenic, and Iron. Total aflatoxins were determined by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Findings revealed that most of the physicochemical properties of palm and groundnut oils from these areas deviated from the Food and Agricultural Organization/World Health Organization (FAO/WHO) standard range. A high amount of Cadmium (0.89 mg/kg, 1.01 mg/kg, and 0.92 mg/kg) was detected in the local groundnut oil samples but lesser in palm oils from Adikpo, Wadata, and Otukpa respectively, while Copper content was within the FAO/WHO safe limits. The arsenic content of palm oil produced in the region was not as high as those in groundnut oil but was higher than the recommended maximum limit of 0.1 mg/kg. The Nickel content in the oil samples was higher than the 0.50 mg/kg permissible limit, but Lead was within the safe limits. Total Aflatoxin content in crude groundnut oil was within the range of 9.05 ppm to 10.13 ppm, while a range of 2.03 ppm to 2.74 ppm was recorded in crude palm oil. The locally produced oils are of lower quality, suggesting that refining should be adopted and quality seeds should be used for the extraction of oils.

Biodiesel production depends on raw materials. Low-quality oils, such as cooking oil, crude palm oil, and sludge oil, are used to reduce costs, and they contain free fatty acids (FFA) and water. Soap can be produced when using the alkaline catalyst during transesterification. In this work, the sulfonation method prepared the esterification of waste cooking oil by sulfonated CaO as a bifunctional catalyst. The sulfonated CaO catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), temperature-programmed desorption of carbon dioxide and ammonia (TPD), BET surface area, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was observed that the specific surface area, pore volume, and pore diameter of the CaO increased after being sulfonated with a 2 M sulfuric acid solution. It showed a high total surface acidity and basicity, 7.22 and 3.86 mmol/g, respectively. The optimal FFA conversion (84.94 %) from the waste cooking oil was acquired at a reaction temperature of 65 ˚C, a 9:1 MeOH: Oil molar ratio, and 5 wt% catalyst loading for a 3 h reaction time. The 2 M sulfonated CaO catalyst can be reused twice with a high FFA conversion without further treatment under optimized reaction conditions. The 2 M sulfonated CaO catalyst has potential treatment for biodiesel production from high-FFA oils due to its lower production cost and high catalytic activity.

Biodegradable plastics, mainly polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), which are traditionally produced by bacterial cells, have been produced in the cells of more than 15 plant species. Since the production of biodegradable plastics and the synthesis of oil in plants share the same substrate, acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), producing PHB in oil bearing crops, such as oil palm, will be advantageous. In this study, three bacterial genes, bktB, phaB, and phaC, which are required for the synthesis of PHB and selectable marker gene, bar, for herbicide Basta resistant, were transformed into embryogenic calli. A number of transformed embryogenic lines resistant to herbicide Basta were obtained and were later regenerated to produce few hundred plantlets. Molecular analyses, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot, and real-time PCR have demonstrated stable integration and expression of the transgenes in the oil palm genome. HPLC and Nile blue A staining analyses confirmed the synthesis of PHB in some of the plantlets.

Metathesis of palm oil

Preparation of calcium oxide from Portunus pelagicus through thermal decomposition for 3 hours at various temperature 700°C, 800°C,900°C,1000°C, and 1100°C. The calcium oxidefrom decomposition was carried out and characterized by X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD), FT-IR spectrophotometer and SEM-EDX analyses. The result of XRD show decomposition Portunus pelagicus at 1000°C have diffraction pattern agree with the CaO diffraction standard with 2θ value 32.4o, 37.5o, 64.3o, and 67,5o. The FT-IR spectrum show vibration of CaO at wavenumber 354.9 cm-1. SEM-EDX data indicated the surface morphology calcium oxide of Portunus pelagicus more homogen than Portunus pelagicus before decomposition. The decomposition of CaO at 1000°C was applied in the syntesis of biodiesel from waste cooking oil, palm oil, and coconut oil. The biodiesel products have density 0.8621, 0.8725, and 0.8688 g/cm3. Viscosity are 5.27, 3.71, and 2.45 mm2/s(cst). Acid values respectively are 0.3069, 0.2423 and 0.2100 mg/KOH and Iodine numbers 39.48, 36.12 and 9.24 g I2/100g. All characteristic of biodiesel from waste cooking oil, palm oil, and coconut oil are agree with SNI standard. The best biodiesel product derived from coconut oil is agree to the parameter value of biodiesel standard. Keywords: biodiesel. Portunus pelagicus. calcium oxide. catalyst.