Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are recalcitrant organic pollutants generated from agricultural, industrial, and municipal sources, and their strong carcinogenic and teratogenic properties pose a harmful threat to human beings. The present study deals with the bioremediation of phenanthrene by a ligninolytic fungus, Coriolopsis byrsina (Mont.) Ryvarden strain APC5 (GenBank; KY418163.1), isolated from the fruiting body of decayed wood surface. During the experiment, Coriolopsis byrsina strain APC5 was found as a promising organism for the degradation and detoxification of phenanthrene (PHE) in in vitro and in vivo conditions. Further, HPLC analysis showed that the C. byrsina strain degraded 99.90% of 20 mg/L PHE in in vitro condition, whereas 77.48% degradation of 50 mg/L PHE was reported in in vivo condition. The maximum degradation of PHE was noted 25 °C temperature under shaking flask conditions at pH 6.0. Further, GC-MS analysis of fungal treated samples showed detection of 9,10-Dihydroxy phenanthrene, 2,2-Diphenic acid, phthalic acid, 4-heptyloxy phenol, benzene octyl, and acetic acid anhydride as the metabolic products of degraded PHE. Furthermore, the phytotoxicity evaluation of degraded PHE was observed through the seed germination method using Vigna radiata and Cicer arietinum seeds. The phytotoxicity results showed that the seed germination index and vegetative growth parameters of tested plants were increased in the degraded PHE soil. As results, C. byrsina strain APC5 was found to be a potential and promising organism to degrade and detoxify PHE without showing any adverse effect of their metabolites.
Highlights
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major environmental concern organic pollutants with toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties to human and animals (Abdel-shafy and Mansour, 2015; Ainerua et al, 2021; Idowu et al, 2019)
C. byrsina culture was grown in BHA media (BHA media containing PHE used as control, (Fig. 1a), after incubation period, 7 mm clearing zone formation was observed around the mycelium because of the degradation of PHE (Fig. 1b). 3.2 Measurement of PHE degradation efficiency
PHE degradation by C. byrsina strain APC5 was examined after 2 days of regular time intervals by HPLC chromatogram
Summary
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major environmental concern organic pollutants with toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties to human and animals (Abdel-shafy and Mansour, 2015; Ainerua et al, 2021; Idowu et al, 2019). PHE is found most abundantly in the aquatic environment, including tap water, surface water, and wastewater; it has been recognized in the sea food collected from contaminated water (IARC, 1983; USEPA, 1988). It is considered by scientific community as a model compound for the PAHs degradation study because it contains K-region and bay-region in their structure, which are found in the structure of higher molecular weight PAHs (Garcia-uitz et al, 2016; Luo et al, 2020). PHE showed toxic effect on the human respiratory system and caused photosensitization of the skin (Budavari et al, 1989; Xu et al, 2006), globally it is necessary to the remediation of PAHs from the environment
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