Biochemical potentials and stability of Oxalis corniculata L. leaf extracts

ABSTRACTFicus deltoidea Jack (Moraceae) is a well-known medicinal plant used in customary medication among the Malay people to reduce and mend sicknesses such as ulcers, psoriasis, cytotoxicity, cardioprotective, inflammation, jaundice, vitiligo, hemorrhage, diabetes, convulsion, hepatitis, dysentery injuries, wounds, and stiffness. Ficus deltoidea contains a wide variety of bioactive compounds from different phytochemical groups such as alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, sterols, terpenes, carbohydrates, and proteins. The genus Ficus has several hundreds of species, which shows excellent therapeutic effects and a wide variety of helpful properties for human welfare. Searching information was collected by using electronic databases including Web of Science, Science Direct, Springer, SciFinder, PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Embase, and Google Scholar. This review is, therefore, an effort to give a detailed survey of the literature on its pharmacognosy, phytochemistry, phytochemical, and pharmacological properties of Ficus and its important species. This summary could be beneficial for future research aiming to exploit the therapeutic potential of Ficus and its useful medicinal species.

∙) scavenging capacity of the methanol and aqueous extracts increased in a dose dependent manner (up to 0.1 mg/ ml) and plant leaves extract concentrations required for 50% inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging effect (IC50) were recorded as 0.014 and 0.015 mg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The leaf extracts also scavenged the ABTS .+ radical generated by 2,2'-Azinobis-(3ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)/2.4 mM potassium persulfate (PPS) system and the IC50 values were found to be 0.017 and 0.018 mg/ml for methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively. The total antioxidant power of the extract was determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. Qualitative analysis of the phytochemicals of aqueous extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, proteins, phenols and flavonoids. The methanol extract was found to contain phenols and flavonoids as major phyto-components. Total polyphenol and phenolic acid contents in the methanol extract were found to be 269.85 ± 15.25 and 410.72 ± 9.48 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight, respectively. Total flavonoid and flavonol contents were estimated to be 82.28 ± 3.21 and 151.25 ± 8.75 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g dry weight, respectively. Total polyphenol and phenolic acid contents in the aqueous extract were found to be 157.05 ± 11.21 and 490.50 ± 10.20 mg GAE/g dry weight, respectively. Total flavonoid and flavonol contents in the aqueous extract were estimated to be 95.80 ± 3.12 and 162.72 ± 9.18 mg QE/g dry weight, respectively. The methanol and aqueous leaf extracts indicated presence of vital phytoconstituents of polyphenols, flavonoids, flavonols that contributed significantly to its antioxidant capacity. Results obtained from the present study signify that the methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of H. rhamnoides possess antioxidant properties and could possibly act as primary antioxidants by scavenging free radicals in disease conditions.

As a result of increased interest in the production of plant-based drugs for the treatment of many diseases has become a significant reason why people have become more coversant in the use of traditional medicine for the treatment of mild and serious illness. Due to increase in the thrust for the production of plant-based drugs, this present study was carried out to compare the phytochemical constituents and antioxidant potencies of acetone, methanol and aqueous leaf extracts of Acalypha wilkesiana collected from Kaura Namoda Botanical Garden in Zamfara State-Nigeria. The antioxidant activities was evaluated using various assays; The total phenolic content of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 15.58 0.66 mg GAE/g, 14.10 2.17 mg GAE/g and 8.70 0.01 mg GAE/g respectively. Total flavonol contents; 207.10 11.53 mg QE/g, 196.08 5.53 mg QE/g and 112.04 8.27 mg QE/g respectively. Total flavonoid contents; 240.99 9.50 mg QE/g, 252.52 3.73 mg QE/g and 123.88 5.58 mg QE/g respectively. FRAP values were 679.14 0.45 mmol/g, 611.90 7.09 mmol/g and 292.07 11.38mmol/g respectively. ABTS activity of aqueous, methanol and acetone leaf extract were 24.30 5.86 mg AAE/g, 14.49 1.02 mg AAE/g and 7.00 0.57 mg AAE/g respectively, methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage DPPH Inhibition value of 42.64 5.13, followed by aqueous (31.77 4.08) at 0.25mg/ml while aqueous had the highest (52.63 0.67), followed by methanol extract (44.80 2.80) at 0.50mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage inhibition of Nitric Oxide with a value of 59.74 1.30, followed by methanol extract (46.11 2.54) at 0.25mg/ml. inhibition for aqueous was also highest at 0.5 mg/ml. Aqueous extract had the highest percentage lipid peroxidation inhibition value of 22.66 2.93, followed by methanol leaf extract with the value of 18.89 0.80 while at 0.50mg/ml methanol leaf extract had the highest percentage inhibition of lipid peroxidation (39.42 3.10), followed by aqueous leaf extract with the value of 31.48 1.61. The results showed that aqueous and methanol leaf extract of Acalypha wilkesiana displayed potent antioxidant effects with the aqueous having an edge. This present study therefore supports the view that Acalypha wilkesiana can be used in the management of oxidative stress and other related diseases.

Potential antioxidant and antibacterial activity of methanolic, chloroformic and n-hexane leaf extracts of four local important medicinal plants like Ocimum americanum, O. basilicum, O. gratissimum and Centella asiatica was investigated. The methanolic leaf extracts of these plant species exhibited the potent DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50 value, 2.67 ± 0.01, 14.17 ± 0.11, 60.22 ± 0.01 and 2.39 ± 0.025 μg/ml, respectively). Methanolic leaf extract of C. asiatica showed strongest antioxidant activity. Chloroformic leaf extracts possessed moderate antioxidant activity (IC50 value of 79.44 ± 0.05, 110.56 ± 0.02, 54.95 ± 0.05, 101.0 ± 1.0 μg/ml, respectively) in all samples. The lowest antioxidant activity was recorded from n-hexane leaf extracts of O. americanum, O. gratissimum, C. asiatica and Ocimum basilicum (IC50 value 147.87 ± 0.06, 378.19 ± 2.65, 104.65 ± 0.39, 467.58 ± 0.52 μg/ml, respectively). Methanolic and chloro-formic leaf extracts showed antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, namely Bacillus megaterium, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. Methanolic leaf extract of O. americanum and chloroformic extract of C. asiatica showed excellent antimicrobial activity.
 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 30(2): 179-187, 2020 (December)

The hepatoprotective properties of Alchornea cordifolia, a medicinal plant was studied in hepatotoxicity induced animal model with a high dose of paracetamol or carbon tetrachloride. Knowing that antituberculosis drugs also represent a risk factor for hepatotoxicity, could A. cordifolia play a key role to limit their hepatotoxicity? The objective of this study was to assess the histological changes of antituberculosis drugs in rat livers and their evolution after administration of an aqueous and a methanolic leaf extracts of A. cordifolia and therefore estimate their polyphenol and flavonoid contents. Rats were divided into three (3) groups: group 1 was treated with isoniazid; group 2 received the combination of isoniazid and rifampicin and group 3 was given the combination of isoniazid, rifampicin and pyraziamide. For each group of rats, the hepatotoxicant was either administered alone or two hours before administration of an aqueous (200, 400, or 800 mg/kg) or a methanolic (200, 400, or 800 mg/kg) leaf extracts of A. cordifolia each day for 10 days. Animals were sacrificed on day 11 and their livers removed for histolopathological analysis. In addition, total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were estimated in both extracts. Antituberculosis drug combinations caused peliosis lesions, steatosis and hepatocyte necrosis. The liver histology of rats that received extracts after administration of antituberculosis drug combinations showed the ability of extracts to annihilate or alleviate hepatocellular damage caused by such drugs. The methanolic extract, richer in total polyphenols (0.55 ± 0.02 mg EGA) than the aqueous extract (0.35 ± 0.01 mg EGA) demonstrated a greater hepatoprotective effect. Thus, according to liver histological analysis, the aqueous and methanolic leaf extracts of A. cordifolia could attenuate the hepatotoxicity induced by antituberculosis drugs in rats.

The total phenols, flavonoids and carotenoids contents of Samadera indica methanol extracts of leaf, bark, seed, root and seed pod were determined. Among the methanol extracts of leaf, bark, seed, root and seed pod, the total phenols, flavonoids and carotenoids contents were found to be 105.67±0.243 mg catechol equivalent per gram for seed, 136.28±1.26 mg quercetin equivalent per gram for bark and 82.37 ±0.842 mg β-carotene equivalent per gram for seed which are higher than the activity of other extracts of the plant. The antioxidant activity of the petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, chloroform, methanol and aqueous extracts of leaf, bark, seed, root and seedpod of Samadera indica were established. The IC50value was found lower for bark methanol extracts 43.7±1.08 μg/ml for DPPH assay, seed methanol exhibited higher activity towards reducing power assay, lower IC50 value for seed methanol extracts 44.74±0.249 μg/ml for metal chelating assay, in phosphomolybdenum assay higher activity found for seed methanol extracts 199.08 mg/mlequ of ascorbic acid/100g of the plant extracts. Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity found to be higher for seed methanol extracts i.e. 78%. Significant activity towards antibacterial assay was exhibited by Samadera indica methanol extracts. 100% cytotoxicity observed by bark and leaf methanol extracts of the plant at 200 mg/ml dosage. These results confer the synergic effect of phenol, flavonoid and carotenoid contents in the plant extracts against degradative bioreactions. Further studies are needed to explore the potential compound from Samadera indica since which has high potential to be used in drug formulation.

Fahrenheitia zeylanica (Thw.) Airy is a lofty evergreen tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae. The present study was conducted to evaluate antibacterial and antioxidant activity of solvent extracts of leaves of F. zeylanica. The powdered leaf material was sequentially extracted using ethyl acetate, chloroform and methanol based on polarity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were estimated by Folin-Ciocalteau and Aluminiumchloride colorimetric estimation method respectively. Antibacterial activity of solvent extracts was assessed by agar well diffusion method against a panel of nine bacteria. Antioxidant efficacy of solvent extracts was determined by DPPH free radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging and Ferric reducing assay. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of bark and chloroform extract of leaf contained high phenolic and flavonoid contents. Solvent extracts of bark were more effective in inhibiting test bacteria than leaf extracts. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were inhibited to maximum extent among Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria respectively. Methanol extracts of leaf and bark scavenged DPPH (with IC50 value of 2.02 and 1.17ìg/ml respectively) and ABTS (with IC50 value of 20.89 and 3.42ìg/ml respectively) radicals to high extent followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. The reducing ability was recorded highest in methanol extracts followed by ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. Bark extracts have shown stronger scavenging and reducing power than leaf extracts. A positive correlation was observed between antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of extracts. The solvent extracts of bark and leaf of F. zeylanica have shown antibacterial and antioxidant activity which may be attributed to the phytochemicals present in them. The plant can be used as a remedy for treatment of infectious diseases and oxidative stress due to free radical formation. Further, separation of bioactive compounds and determination of their biological activities are under progress.

Barleria albostellata C.B. Clarke (Acanthaceae) is a plant native to South Africa and relatively few studies have been performed on it. Species in this genus are known for their ethnopharmacological and phyto-medicinal values. In this study, the total flavonoid and phenolic contents and the antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of hexane, chloroform, and methanol extracts were evaluated at five different concentrations (15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 μg/mL). The antioxidant activity of the extracts of B. albostellata was assessed in vitro using the 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, while the phenolic content was determined using a Folin–Ciocalteu assay. The extracts’ cytotoxicity was established using a 3-[(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] (MTT) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK293), cervical cancer (HeLa), and breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cell lines. Methanolic leaf extracts had the highest total flavonoid content (42.39 ± 1.14 mg GAE/g DW) compared to other solvents. Additionally, the total phenolic content was the greatest in the methanol leaf extract (6.05 ± 0.09 GAE/g DW), followed by the methanol stem extracts (2.93 ± 0.73 GAE/g DW). The methanolic leaf and stem extract concentrations needed for 50% inhibition (DPPH) were 16.95 µg/mL and 14.27 µg/mL, respectively, whereas for FRAP, the reducing powers of all extracts were considerably lower than the ascorbic acid standard. The IC50 values of extracts tested in the three cell lines were >63 µg/mL. According to the findings of our study, the leaves and stems of B. albostellata are rich in several bioactive compounds that may be a possible source of natural antioxidants and may have the potential to treat certain diseases. The extraction of the bioactive compounds from the leaves and stems of B. albostellata using bioassay-guided fractionation and the assessment of their safety will be essential for further investigations into this species in the search of potential novel therapeutic drug leads. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the cytotoxic activities of leaf and stem extracts of Barleria albostellata.

Background: Due to having health hazards of artificial preservatives, natural preservatives having anti-enzymatic, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties are drawing the attention of food scientists. Objectives: Potato peel can be a cheap and available source of preservatives as it is considered a waste after processing its tuber. Methods: We evaluated the serine protease inhibitory activity, antibacterial activity by Disc diffusion assay, and antioxidant properties by DPPH free radical scavenging assay and Ferric-ion reducing antioxidant power assay (FRAP) of crude methanol and aqueous extract of potato peel. In addition, Total phenol, flavonoid, and tannin content were also quantified in both crude extracts. Results: Crude methanol extract was found more potential to have significant serine protease inhibition activity (IC50 = 534.87 μg/mL), DPPH free radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 183.56 μg/mL), and FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant power) value of 351.81 µM Fe(II)/100µg of dried extract. Moreover, the total phenol, flavonoid and tannin content of the methanol extract were higher than the aqueous extract. Also, crude methanol extract showed maximum zone of inhibition (ZOI) against Vibrio cholera and Salmonella typhi (13.63 ± 0.53 and 13.25 ± 0.35 mm respectively). Later, column chromatography for the enrichment of total flavonoid content of methanol fractions exhibited elevated flavonoid content and serine protease inhibitory activity than crude methanol extract. Conclusion: This study showed, the methanol extract of potato peel is more potential than water extract.

BackgroundPolygonum odoratum is an indigenous vegetable that has been used as a favoring agent and also used as a Thai traditional medicine to treat flatulence.ObjectiveTo analyze active ingredients, total phenolic and total flavonoid contents, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities from leaf and stem extracts of P. odoratum.MethodsLeaves and stems were dried and extracted by using methanol, dichloromethane and water for obtaining Methanolic Leaf Extract (MLE), Methanolic Stem Extract (MTE), Dichloromethane Leaf Extract (DLE), Dichloromethane Stem Extract (DTE), Water Leaf Extract (WLE) and Water Stem Extract (WTE). The extracts were quantified for total phenolic and total flavonoid contents by spectrophotometry and active compounds were analyzed by using GC-MS. Antioxidant activity was determined by ABTS and DPPH radicals scavenging assays. Anti-inflammatory activity was tested by the inhibition of nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells induced by lipopolysaccharide.ResultsThe DLE exhibited the most potent anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting nitric oxide production in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 53.75+0.72 µg/mL). MLE exhibited strong antioxidant activity and contained the highest concentration of phenolic compounds (52.59+0.58 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract) and flavonoid (19.97+0.11 mg quercetin equivalent/g extract). E-15-Heptadecenal and 3, 7, 11, 15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol were found predominantly in the methanol extracts.ConclusionThe leaf extract of P. odoratum showed potent anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities, mediated by DLE and MLE, respectively.

Nutraceutical foods are thought to play an important role in the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity and some cancers. This study was undertaken to screen the commonly grown Zambian market classes of common beans for nutraceutical value based on the antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) and total polyphenolic profiles. Phenolic phytochemical profiles were determined using Folin Ciocalteu assay and aluminium chloride colorimetric method. The total polyphenol content ranged from 37.3 to 123.7 mg GAE / 100 g DW. Red beans consistently displayed the highest total polyphenol contents in both the methanolic and aqueous extracts, followed by grey mottled, brown and white. Tannin concentration ranged from 10.2 to 55.4 mg GAE / 100 g DW for the aqueous and from 3.1 to 53 mg GAE / 100 g DW for the 70% methanol extract. Flavonoid concentration ranged from 42.1 to 62.6 mg quercetin equivalents / 100 g DW (aqueous extraction) and 95.2 to 123.5 mg quercetin equivalents / 100 g DW (70% methanol extraction). The various classes of common beans displayed varying antioxidant activities. The bean extracts exhibited DPPH free radical scavenging activities with pseudo first-order rate constants (K) ranging between 0.006 min-1 and 0.053 min-1 and FRAP derived antioxidant power between 1.69 and 6.88 Fe2+ / 100 g DW. The red market class displayed the highest antioxidant activity in the aqueous extract, but showed little difference with the grey mottled beans in the methanolic extract. Ranking the market classes based on the free radical scavenging capacities and the FRAP-derived total antioxidant power, the following order was observed: red beans > grey mottled beans > brown beans > white beans. On a comparative basis, white beans displayed far lower antioxidant activities compared to the others.

This study determined the bio active substances in the physic nut plant, Jatropha curcas and further examined the larvicidal potentials of its hexane, methanol and aqueous leaf and stem extracts on locally reared larvae of the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae in accordance with the World Health Organization’s guidelines for laboratory and field testing of mosquito larvicides. Various concentrations (25mg/mL, 50 mg/mL 100mg/mL and 200 mg/mL) of the plant extracts were tested against third instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the different portions of J. curcas leaf and stem extracts revealed the presence of active toxic compounds including alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, glycoside and tannins. Methanolic extracts were found to be richer in phytochemicals than hexane and aqueous extracts. All plant extracts at the various concentrations showed significant larvicidal activity against Anopheles gambiae mosquito larvae between 30 minutes to 24 hours of exposure. Methanol leaf extract of J. curcas was most effective as it showed larval mortality of 75 to 100% on the test larvae after 30 minutes to 24 hours of exposure while the methanol stem extract showed 60 to 100% larval mortality. Hexane leaf extract showed larval mortality of 65 to 100% after 30 minutes to 24 hours of exposure whereas hexane stem extract had larval mortality of 60 to 100%. However, the aqueous leaf extract had 40 to 100% mortality as the aqueous stem extract showed 35 to 100% mortality after 30 minutes to 24 hours respectively. The methanol leaf extract showed highest toxicity against the test larvae with LC₅₀ value of 2.52 mg/ml; and LC₉₀ value of 218.15 mg/ml while the least toxicity was observed on aqueous stem extract with LC₅₀ value of 70.71 mg/ml; and LC₉₀ value of 1635.76 mg/ml after 30 minutes of exposure respectively. All the test larvae treated with various extracts exhibited 100% mortality after 24 hours of exposure with less concentrations of the extract required to kill the larvae as time of exposure increased. The toxicity of the various leaf extracts on the mosquito larvae were relatively greater than those of the stem. This is supported by the abundance of secondary metabolites. The findings suggest that the hexane, methanol and aqueous leaf and stem extracts of J. curcas have the potential to be used as an effective botanical larvicide.

The present study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of hexane (LH), methanol (LM) and aqueous (LA) extracts of Soymida febrifuga (Maliaceae) leaves, which is a traditional folk medicine in India. No pharmacological evaluation of this plant (except antiplasmodial activity) has been reported to date. Antioxidant activity of different extracts was evaluated by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, taking total phenolic content (TPC) as an index. Antimicrobial activity was tested against six bacterial and five fungal strains using the agar hole diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) were determined for all the test organisms against the extracts. The results showed that the methanol and aqueous extracts of leaf had a higher antioxidant activity and total phenolic content than the hexane extract. The antioxidant activity and TPC of the extracts were highly correlated. Extracts also showed several degrees of antimicrobial activity against different microbes. The methanol extract was more potent against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida tropicana. The lowest MIC values obtained for LM, LA and LH were 78, 156, 625 microg/mL against A. fumigatus, C. tropicana and C. albicans, respectively. Hence, this study confirms that Soymida febrifuga leaves possess potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

In–vitro antibacterial activity on human pathogens and total phenolic, flavonoid contents of Murraya paniculata Linn. leaves

Comparative evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity between n-butanol fraction, leaf and stem methanolic extract obtained from Olaxpsittacorum