Abstract
Context: Cold-pressed oils (CPO) are commercially available in the market and characterized by their health-promoting properties. Objective: Clove oil (CLO), coriander seed oil (COO) and black cumin oil (BCO) were evaluated for their bioactive lipids. Pharmacological screening was performed to evaluate acute toxicity, anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic effects as well as histopathological changes in tissues of albino rats fed with CPO. Materials and methods: Fatty acids, tocols and total phenolics were analyzed. The acute toxicity test for each CPO was estimated during 14 d. Carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema was used for assessment of anti-inflammatory activity of CPO. Animals were fasted overnight, and via oral gavage given indomethacin (10 mg/kg) or CPO (400 mg/kg) to investigate ulcerogenecity. Histopathological changes in liver, kidney, heart, spleen and stomach were screened. Results: Amounts of α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherols in CLO were 1495, 58, 4177 and 177 mg/kg oil, respectively. In COO, α, β, γ and δ-tocopherols were 10.0, 18.2, 5.1 and 34.8%, respectively. In BCO, β-tocotrienol was the main constituent. CLO, COO and BCO contained 4.6, 4.2 and 3.6 mg GAE/g, respectively. Acute toxicity test determined that 400 mg/kg of CPO to be used. In the carrageenan model of inflammation, pretreatment of rats with indomethacin (10 mg/kg) or CLO (400 mg/kg) induced a significant (p < 0.05) reduction by 31.3 and 27.4%, respectively, in rat paw oedema as compared with the carrageenan-treated group. Indomethacin induced a significant ulcerogenic effect with an ulcer index of 19. Oral treatment of CPO showed no ulcerogenic effect, wherein no histopathological changes were observed. Conclusions: CPO, particularly CLO, could minimize acute inflammation.
Highlights
Inflammation is one of the most important host defence mechanisms against invading pathogens
Health-promoting effects of edible oils can be attributed to its specific fatty acid profile and its richness in bioactive phytochemicals including phenolics, phytosterols, tocols and carotenoides
Cold-pressed oils (CPO) under study possesses significant antiinflammatory activity and no ulcerogenic effect, which may be attributed to the presence of tocols, and other bioactive phenolic compounds
Summary
Inflammation is one of the most important host defence mechanisms against invading pathogens. Persistent or over-inflammation leads to tissue damage and possibly the failure of organs (Macarthur et al 2004). Inflammatory responses are a series of events which depend on the increase in vascular permeability and release of inflammatory mediators, leading to oedema and arrival of leukocytes to inflammation site (Medzhitov 2008). Extracts and oils from vegetable, fruits, oilseeds and medicinal plants exhibited strong health-promoting potential that could act against different diseases and exhibit beneficial anti-inflammatory properties. The demand for natural phytochemicals has greatly increased, and consumers are in quest for natural products for healthy lifestyles (El-Ghorab et al 2010). Natural products have been evaluated in various animal models to develop new antiinflammatory agents (Sannigrahi et al 2010)
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