Abstract
Coping with global warming by developing effective agricultural strategies is critical to global rice (Oryza sativa L.) production and food security. In 2020, we observed that the effect of heat stress on rice plants was mitigated by biochar application (40 g kg−1 soil) in a pot experiment with six consecutive days (6–11 days after transplanting) of daily mean temperatures beyond the critical high temperature (33°C) for tillering in rice. To further determine the eco-physiological processes underlying the effect of biochar on resistance to heat stress in rice plants, we compared root-zone soil properties as well as some plant growth and physiological traits related to nitrogen (N) utilization between rice plants grown with and without biochar in the pot experiment. The results showed that the application of biochar improved the root-zone environment of rice plants by reducing soil bulk density, increasing soil organic matter content, and altering soil bacterial community structure by increasing the ratio of Proteobacteria to Acidobacteria, for example. As a consequence, root morphology, architecture, and physiological traits, such as N assimilation and transport proteins, as well as shoot N uptake and utilization (e.g., photosystems I and II proteins), were improved or up-modulated, while the heat-shock and related proteins in roots and leaves were down-modulated in rice plants grown with biochar compared to those without biochar. These results not only expand our understanding of the basic eco-physiological mechanisms controlling increased heat-stress tolerance in rice plants by the application of biochar, but also imply that improving the root-zone environment by optimizing management practices is an effective strategy to mitigate heat stress effects on rice production.
Highlights
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) feeds approximately 50% of the world’s human population, and rice yield must increase by about 1% annually to meet the growing food demand that will result from population growth and economic development (Normile, 2008)
Peng et al (2004) reported that rice yield decreased by 10% when night temperatures during the growing season increased by 1°C, which is associated with global warming
Biochar application had no significant effects on soil bacterial diversity and richness (Table 1)
Summary
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) feeds approximately 50% of the world’s human population, and rice yield must increase by about 1% annually to meet the growing food demand that will result from population growth and economic development (Normile, 2008). This task is not easy to achieve due to changes in socioeconomic and physical environments related to rice production (Peng et al, 2009). Among these changes, global climate change is expected. It is crucial to find effective agricultural strategies to cope with global warming in order to ensure global food security (Wassmann et al, 2009; Horie, 2019)
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