Abstract
Calcium added to dentifrices can complex with fluoride ions to reduce intra-oral bioavailability and therefore efficacy in preventing dental caries. Six commercially available dentifrices containing different types of calcium and fluoride were analyzed for total and bioavailable fluoride levels by adding 10 g of dentifrice to 30 mL of distilled deionized water and mixing vigorously for 1 min to simulate toothbrushing. One milliliter of the dentifrice/water slurry was immediately centrifuged and the supernatant removed for bioavailable fluoride analysis and the mixed slurry prior to centrifugation used for total fluoride analysis using a modified microdiffusion method. The concentration of fluoride was determined using a fluoride ion-selective electrode calibrated with internal fluoride standards. All the dentifrices had similar total fluoride concentrations to those indicated on their labels (94% to 105%). However, only one dentifrice that contained calcium in the form of casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) had almost 100% (97%) of fluoride in bioavailable form. The other dentifrices contained calcium carbonate and they exhibited significantly (p < 0.001) lower bioavailable fluoride levels (27% to 61%), through the generation of poorly soluble fluoride phases. The saliva biomimetic CPP, as CPP-ACP, in a dentifrice stabilised calcium and fluoride ions to maintain fluoride’s bioavailability.
Highlights
Calcium added to dentifrices can complex with fluoride ions to reduce intra-oral bioavailability and efficacy in preventing dental caries
The type of F and calcium compound contained in the six dentifrices were: (1) MI PASTE ONE (MPO) 1100 ppm F as NaF and casein phosphopeptide-stabilised amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP); (2) COLGATE SENSITIVE PRO-RELIEF (CSPR) 1450 ppm F as MFP and C aCO3; (3) COLGATE MAXIMUM CAVITY PROTECTION (CMCP) 1450 ppm F as MFP and C aCO3; (4) WHITE GLO SMOKERS FORMULA (WGSF) 1000 ppm F as MFP and C aCO3; (5) CEDEL SPEARMINT (CS) 1000 ppm F as MFP and C aCO3 and (6) ARM & HAMMER (AH) 1100 ppm F as NaF and calcium sulfate/sodium carbonate ( CaSO4/Na2CO3)
The bioavailable F level in each dentifrice ranged from 27 to 97% of the total F added and for all dentifrices, except MI paste one (MPO), the bioavailable F level was significantly lower than the level of F added (Table 2)
Summary
Calcium added to dentifrices can complex with fluoride ions to reduce intra-oral bioavailability and efficacy in preventing dental caries. Differences in dentifrice matrix components and F compound affect soluble F release in vivo, and the accuracy of various methods for laboratory determination of total and bioavailable F 12,23. Calcium compounds (e.g. calcium carbonate and calcium phosphates) are routinely added to dentifrice formulations to enhance abrasive cleaning and release calcium ions to help promote r emineralization[24,25,26,27]. Remineralization of early caries lesions by F to form fluorohydroxyapatite is calcium-dependent and can become calcium limited such that the addition of stabilised and bioavailable calcium ions to dentifrice formulations has been shown to enhance the ability of F to remineralize tooth enamel[25]. Dentifrice MI paste one (MPO)a Colgate sensitive pro-relief (CSPR)b Colgate maximum cavity protection (CMCP)c White glo smokers formula (WGSF)d Cedel spearmint (CS)e Arm and hammer (AH)f
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