Abstract
In recent years, interest has surged among researchers to determine compounds from bee products such as honey, royal jelly, propolis and bee pollen, which are beneficial to human health. Mass spectrometry techniques have shown that bee products contain a number of proven health-promoting compounds but also revealed rather high diversity in the chemical composition of bee products depending on several factors, such as for example botanical sources and geographical origin. In the present paper, we present recent scientific advances in the field of major bioactive compounds from bee products and corresponding regenerative properties. We also discuss extracellular vesicles from bee products as a potential novel bioactive nutraceutical component. Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived membranous structures that show promising potential in various therapeutic areas. It has been extensively reported that the use of vesicles, which are naturally formed in plant and animal cells, as delivery agents have many advantages. Whether the use of extracellular vesicles from bee products represents a new solution for wound healing remains still to be elucidated. However, promising results in specific applications of the bee products in wound healing and tissue regenerative properties of extracellular vesicles provide a good rationale to further explore this idea.
Highlights
Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) produce several valuable products used as health products or food since ancient times
After the metabolic changes taking place in hepatocytes, are secreted by some organic acid transporters in the systemic circulation, and they are either absorbed by cells or tissues or excreted by the kidneys [1]. Another example is the bioavailability of bioactive compounds from bee pollen is rather limited, which could be attributed to the complex structure of the pollen grain wall and the high resistance of the outer layer to biodegradation
Royal jelly is best known for the major royal jelly protein 1, called royalactin, while the bioactive compounds from propolis and honey that receive the most focus in research are polyphenols
Summary
Honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) produce several valuable products used as health products or food since ancient times. Honey is a substance produced by bees through a process involving the ingestion of flower nectar and subsequent processing known as inversion [1]. Propolis is a sticky mixture produced by mixing saliva and beeswax with exudates collected by honeybees from trees or other botanical sources used to protect the hives from invaders and microorganisms, as well as to provide thermal insulation and reinforce hives by filling cracks and holes [2]. Bee pollen is a result of the agglutination of flower pollen with nectar and salivary substances of bees [4]. Bee products are generally considered a high-quality source of bioactive compounds, and it is not surprising that they have gained interest in recent years [5]. Studies have demonstrated that their therapeutic effect is strongly associated with the plant source and bioactive composition [1,4,6,7]
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