Abstract
Monolaurin is monoacylglycerol which is a bioactive lipid since it can affect the human biological systems. This review discusses the bioactive properties of monolaurin, especially its role as an antibacterial, immune system enhancement, and its ability as an antiviral so that it has the potential to fight against various viral attacks. Monolaurin can act as an antibacterial in inhibiting the growth of several pathogenic bacteria, especially gram-positive bacteria. Monolaurin is known to be able to enhance the immune system through modulation of various immune systems, controlling pro-inflammatory cytokines, activating and attracting leukocytes to the site of infection. Monolaurin can also act as an antiviral, especially against enveloped viruses, such as Maedi-visna virus, vesicular stomatitis, herpes simplex-1, measles, HIV, cytomegalovirus, influenza, and corona. Monolaurin inhibits the virus through the mechanism of the disintegration of the viral membrane, prevents binding of the viral protein to the host-cell membrane, inhibits the process of assembling the viral RNA, and the process of virus maturation in the replication cycle. Therefore monolaurin has the potential for human consumption to boost the immune system and ward off various virus attacks, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is the cause of COVID-19 which became a pandemic in the world.
Highlights
Monolaurin can inhibit the increase in blood TAG afterGlycerol monolaurate (GML) or known as monolaurin is an ester of glycerol and a lauric acid that acts as an emulsifier or non-ionic surfactant with important applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries
Hess et al (2015) applied 182 mM monolaurin dissolved in chloroform as a surfactant for biofilms, the results showed that monolaurin was able to inhibit S. aureus and E. faecalis
The results showed that monolaurin was more effective as an antibacterial compared to monoacylglycerol from other medium-chain fatty acids such as capric (C10:0), undecanoic (C11:0), and myristic (C14:0)
Summary
Glycerol monolaurate (GML) or known as monolaurin is an ester of glycerol and a lauric acid that acts as an emulsifier or non-ionic surfactant with important applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Monolaurin and other MAGs can regulate the increase in insulin levels, so that blood sugar is controlled, preventing diabetes and obesity due to hyperglycemia (Cho et al, 2010; Feltes et al, 2013). Medium-chain fatty acids, including monolaurin, can reduce serum cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease (Eyres et al, 2016). It increases the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (German and Dillard, 2004). It shows the most oxidized by the metabolic system and does not cause obesity or fat accumulation (DeLany et al, 2000). Monolaurin is known to be able to inhibit various pathogenic bacteria, even in the form of vegetative cells and bacterial spores, including Clostridium botulinum and Bacillus cereus (Dayrit, 2014; Schlievert et al, 2018). This review provides some insight into the characteristics of monolaurin, which could potentially be an alternative against COVID -19
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