Abstract
Sorghum is the fifth most commonly used cereal worldwide and is a rich source of many bioactive compounds. We summarized phenolic compounds and carotenoids, vitamin E, amines, and phytosterols in sorghum grains. Recently, with the development of detection technology, new bioactive compounds such as formononetin, glycitein, and ononin have been detected. In addition, multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that sorghum grains have extensive bio-logical activities, such as antioxidative, anticancer, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, and antiobesity properties. Finally, with the establishment of sorghum phenolic compounds database, the bound phenolics and their biological activities and the mechanisms of biological activities of sorghum bioactive compounds using clinical trials may be researched.
Highlights
In the last twenty years, frequent viral outbreaks, such as the recent COVID-19 outbreak that has caused massive numbers of deaths around the world, have been highly contagious and transmissible [1,2]
While a study showed that various extracts exhibited significant antioxidative property that did not correlate with phenolic content, this was probably because of the antioxidative properties of other bioactive compounds [22]
Macrophages are recruited to inflammatory sites and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in macrophages can induce the production of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-8 (IL-8), and inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) [8,23,24,76]
Summary
In the last twenty years, frequent viral outbreaks, such as the recent COVID-19 outbreak that has caused massive numbers of deaths around the world, have been highly contagious and transmissible [1,2]. Preventive effects could be related to the presence of several bioactive compounds (or natural products) in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and herbal plants [1,5]. Numerous studies have shown that bioactive compounds have various kinds of biological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which help to protect against human disease [6]. Moench) is a dietary staple in the Americas, Asia, Australia, and Africa, and it is the fifth most cultivated cereal in the world [7,8,9]. It is gluten-free and drought-tolerant among major cereal grains [10,11].
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