Bio-Inspired Morphogenesis Using Microvascular Networks and Reaction–Diffusion

Abstract

Microstructure is a critical element of many synthetic materials including materials for separations, heat transfer, and electrical energy storage. Similarly, natural systems employ microstructure for most structural and mass transfer processes. These systems achieve high-levels of performance through continuous, structural remodeling, which enables adaptation and improvement of their raw materials. In contrast, current microfabrication techniques produce static materials that do not adapt. Here, we show a fabrication process inspired by biological systems capable of adaptation. Combining the basic elements of morphogenesis, reaction and diffusion (RD), and a microvascular scaffold, we pattern microstructured materials by balancing the rates of depolymerization and inhibition of that depolymerization with a diffusive agent. As a result, the materials continuously reshape their microstructure and improve their performance. Using this system, we also recapitulate a hallmark of biological structures, formation of asymmetry from symmetric precursors. By mimicking nature’s processes rather than its structure, we present a method for microfabrication that improves material performance in response to a selective pressure.