Bio-Efficiency: On the valorisation of innovation in the bioeconomy

One of the tools for rational use of material resources is the assessment of the efficiency of the use of the enterprise's material resources. Efficient use of material resources is the main factor in the successful operation of companies whose main task is to increase profits. As a result of the efficient use of material resources, the cost of production decreases, which in turn affects its competitiveness. To solve this problem, general indicators are used that characterize the efficiency of the use of the enterprise's material resources. But general indicators allow you to get only a general idea of the level of efficiency of the use of material resources. This article discusses the effective use of the company's material resources and their assessment. The influence of rational use of material resources on the economic performance of the enterprise and the quality of products is described. The calculation of general and specific indicators of the efficiency of use of material resources is given.

Object: The purpose of the study is to analyze the material and technical resources of medical institutions and to develop the ways to improve the efficiency of their use.
 The objectives of the study are to develop the main directions and mechanisms for managing material and technical resources; to analyze the fixed assets of healthcare institutions; to assess the effectiveness of the material and technical resources management system. The state of the healthcare system today is one of the most important areas of social development of the state, but it does not meet the needs of the population. The issue of improving the development of the sphere is relevant. The article provides a review of the scientific literature on the topic of management and improvement of the use of material and technical resources of healthcare, analysis of the main indicators, namely the number of hospital organizations and the number of hospital beds, the main indicators of the condition and use of fixed assets in healthcare, the structure of fixed assets, SWOT analysis, etc. A regression analysis of the impact of health indicators on the change in gross domestic product was carried out. Correlation indicators are very high, which confirm the significance of the constructed model. Based on the above model, the forecast values of gross domestic product are calculated. And in the conclusion of the article, in order to improve the efficiency of the use of material resources, a mechanism for managing the material and technical resources of a medical institution is proposed. The mechanism of improving the use of material and technical resources consists of three stages, the use of which will lead to the effectiveness of their use.
 Methods: The following research methods are used in the work: historical, statistical, structural and functional, system and comparative analysis.
 Findings: The article considers and analyzes the use of fixed assets in healthcare institutions, the dynamics of the main indicators of the condition and use of fixed assets. Based on the analysis, strengths and weaknesses were identified, threats and opportunities of medical institutions were identified. In the age of digitalization, a special place is occupied by the material and technical base of medical institutions and their security, and therefore, for more efficient use of fixed assets, a mechanism for managing the material and technical resources of a medical institution is proposed.
 Conclusions: The work emphasizes the need to provide material and technical resources, since the Concept of Healthcare development focuses on the development of digital healthcare, and in order to implement the program, a very good material base is needed. In this regard, in our opinion, the above mechanism for managing the material and technical resources of medical institutions will lead to optimization and efficiency of their use, improving the quality and efficiency of services provided.

The physical, economic, and sociocultural displacement of local peoples from protected areas generates intense discussion among scholars and policy makers. To foster greater precision and clarity in these discussions, we used a conceptual framework from the political economy literature to examine different forms of human displacement from protected areas. Using marine protected areas (MPAs) to ground our analysis, we characterized the 5 types of property rights that are reallocated (lost, secured, and gained) through the establishment of protected areas. All forms of MPA "displacement" involve reallocation of property rights, but the specific types and bundles of rights lost, secured, and gained dramatically shape the magnitude, extent, and equity of MPA impacts--positive and negative--on governance, economic well-being, health, education, social capital, and culture. The impacts of reallocating rights to MPA resources vary within and among social groups, inducing changes in society, in patterns of resource use, and in the environment. To create more environmentally sustainable and socially just conservation practice, a critical next step in conservation social science research is to document and explain variation in the social impacts of protected areas.

Abstract. Problem. For manufacturing enterprises, it is very important to reduce production and logistics costs, and one of the resource-intensive elements of this system is warehousing. Therefore, the need to establish conditions for the efficient use of material and warehouse resources is identified. Goal. The goal is to reduce the total cost of operating the built warehouse system by introducing efficient conditions for the use of resources. Methodology. A structural model of the warehouse system elements has been developed, which takes into account the main features of technological interaction of subsystems for processing incoming, internal and external flows of containers, packaging and finished products. To determine the conditions for efficient use of resources in the functioning of the warehouse system, it is proposed to use the evaluation parameter - the total cost of the warehouse system of a production enterprise. The parameters of external influence are the following intensities of flows determined by the warehouse process of a manufacturing enterprise: input, internal, and output. It is proposed to consider three options for the use of human and material resources. Originality. The article develops forecasting models of a degree type for three proposed three variants of use of material and human resources in functioning of warehouse systems of production enterprises. The obtained dependencies allow obtaining decisionmaking conditions depending on the intensity of incoming, internal and outgoing cargo flows. Practical value. Determining the conditions for using resources at the lowest possible total cost. The least costly option is to use two operators in each warehouse subsystem and one mechanism

In a market economy, it becomes important to improve the organization of enterprise management and, above all, the production process, efficient use of financial, material resources and inventories. Effective management of material resources increases profits and provides the necessary investment. To maintain high profitability and liquidity, the management of current activities of enterprises, in particular inventory management plays a significant role. The categorical apparatus of material resources management at the enterprise is considered, the definition of “material resources” is generalized, the definition of "material resources management" is offered, and also the system of material resources management at the enterprise is considered. In the management of material resources at the enterprise there are 2 approaches – logistics and reengineering. The main tasks of the mechanism of management of material resources of the enterprise of building materials are defined. These are: increasing the efficiency of material resources and choosing cheap sources of funding; introduction of new production, resource-saving technologies; minimization of costs for procurement, production and marketing activities; increasing the interest of employees of all services in the effective performance of their duties; product quality management. The analysis of efficiency of use of material resources at the enterprises of building materials which has shown, that manufacture of production is rather material-intensive is carried out. This is evidenced by the share of material costs in the cost of work, and the value of the utilization factor of materials indicates the economical use of material resources in production. Reserves for improving the efficiency of material resources at construction materials enterprises have been identified. The ways of the most rational use of material resources of construction materials enterprises are offered, in particular it is improvement of a design and technology of manufacturing of products, introduction of more progressive norms of expenses of resources, use of substitute materials, and reduction of losses at stages of transportation, storage and industrial use.

During fiscal year 1974 the National Food Stamp Program disbursed $2.7 billion in bonus stamps. Of this amount, Texas received about $208 million. These money injections will increase each economy's final demand, ceteris paribus.However, an increase in the final demand of low income households will result in a discernibly different pattern of resource allocation than would occur if it came from high income households: the larger the increase in final demand, the greater the impact on patterns of resource use. The amount of bonus stamps distributed has reached a point where impacts may be identifiable.The source of funds likewise affects such expenditure patterns and resulting resource use. For example, when funds for bonus stamps are raised by increasing taxes of the higher income households, their expenditure patterns will reflect their increased tax payments. In contrast, when funds are raised by sale of government securities, the immediate impact will be different, in part because individuals account for only about 16 percent of the ownership of all federal securities.

For over 20 years ecologists have used dynamic optimization techniques in the study of plant allocation (Cohen 1966; King & Roughgarden 1982; Chiariello & Roughgarden 1984). Recently, the optimization methods of microeconomic theory have been explicitly applied to the study of plant growth and resource balance [the 'economic analogy' of Bloom, Chapin & Mooney (1985)]. The analogy, as developed by Bloom et al. (1985), applies optimization principles of microeconomic theory to plantresource interactions and derives predictions about how plant patterns of resource acquisition and allocation vary with environmental parameters, e.g. light and nutrient availability. The goal of this allocation theory as developed by economists is to predict the behaviour of firms or individuals operating in market conditions. The 'economic analogy' develops this theory considering plants as analogues to individual firms and biomass accumulation as the analogue to profit (Bloom et al. 1985; Chapin et al. 1987). The optimal plant according to the 'economic analogy' is one that allocates resources so as to maximize biomass accumulation. Implicit in this line of reasoning is the assumption that plants able to acquire and allocate resources so as to maximize biomass accumulation will have higher fitness and be selected over evolutionary time. The economic analogy contributes to our ability to calculate the costs and benefits of resource acquisition and allocation. Biologists have borrowed economic theory to develop models of acquisition costs that allow different costs to be measured in the same currency and different currencies to be interconverted. For example, Reekie & Bazzaz (1987) develop a model where all costs are figured in terms of carbon. In contrast, Koide & Elliot (1989) calculate the cost of a mycorrhizal symbiosis in both carbon and phosphorus currencies. By using these formal notions (exchange ratios in economic theory) it is possible to compare resource costs in a site where several resources are simultaneously limiting (Chapin et al. 1987). In addition to improving calculations of acquisition costs, the economic analogy adds to our understanding of the benefits of allocation decisions. For example, the principle of equalizing marginal revenue and marginal cost states that expenditures should continue until the return on a unit of expenditure equals its cost; this has been demonstrated for crop plants where allocation to leaf production stops when the cost of producing the next leaf exceeds the carbon return that leaf will bring through photosynthesis (Monteith & Elston 1983). Similarly, patterns of allocation to storage in annual herbs have been explained using mathematical models originally developed for economics (Chiariello & Roughgarden 1984; Bloom 1986). Despite the success of the economic analogy in calculating the costs of acquisition and the benefits of allocations to different tissues, it has proved difficult to use the economic principles developed by Bloom et al. (1985) to predict the timing of optimal resource allocation, i.e. whether it is better to allocate immediately to a certain tissue type or to allocate first to another type (Lubbers & Lechowicz 1989). Analysis of temporal allocation decisions (I recognize and ask indulgence for the anthropocentric terminology, but to avoid tortuous sentence construction, I will continue, recognizing that plants do not think about their decisions) requires a comparison of future vs present costs and benefits. Attempts have been made to model the impact of present and future allocation to defence or photosynthetic apparatus, but these efforts have not formally considered the comparison between present and future costs and benefits (Coley, Bryant & Chapin 1985; Gulmon & Mooney 1986). Microeconomic theory provides a method to make such comparisons, the principle of Future Discounts (Samuelson & Nordhaus 1989). Future discounting allows calculation of future costs and benefits in terms of their present values; the principle is based on the idea that both benefits and costs have a higher absolute value in the present than in the future. Applying future discounting to plant resource allocation helps predict patterns of resource allocation and the effect of risk on these patterns. In this paper the concept of future discounting is used to help understand the controls over the timing of resource allocation. Future discounting, as economists use it, is defined and this concept adapted for calculations of plant resource investment to show how changes in the environment can affect a plant's discount rate and allocation pattern. Future discounts are then explicitly used in a cost-benefit model of plant allocation to show the advantages of this approach. Finally, some of the complications in using discount rates in the study of plant allocation are discussed.

The Knowledge Revolution and Its Impact on Consumption and Resource Use

Introduction. Modern economic trends indicate that the efficient use of material resources is one of the key conditions for ensuring sustainable enterprise development. Under conditions of raw material shortages, rising energy costs, and intensified competition, material resource management acquires strategic importance. Rationalization of the material flow management system makes it possible to reduce production costs, optimize working capital, and increase labor productivity. In this context, there is a need to form an effective mechanism for managing material resources that combines organizational, economic, and technological tools. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the theoretical and methodological foundations and develop practical recommendations for forming an effective mechanism for managing material resources of an enterprise, taking into account current challenges and opportunities of the digital economy. Research methods. The following methods were used in the research process: analysis and synthesis - to clarify the essence of material resource management; system approach - to build an integrated model of the management mechanism; comparative analysis - to identify best practices of resource saving at enterprises; graphic method - to visualize the structure of the mechanism; economic and mathematical methods - to assess the efficiency of resource use. Results. The study determined that the mechanism for managing material resources has a complex character and includes: planning of needs, standardization of consumption, organization of supply, logistics support, accounting and control, analysis of efficiency, as well as a system of motivation for economical use of resources. It was shown that the implementation of digital management systems (ERP, MRP, SCM) allows reducing losses, optimizing inventories, and ensuring transparency of information flows. Prospects. Further research should focus on the development of adaptive mechanisms for managing material resources, taking into account industry-specific features and the level of digital maturity of enterprises. A relevant direction is the introduction of artificial intelligence tools, big data analytics, and the Internet of Things into resource management systems, which will provide automation of control, forecasting of needs, and cost reduction.

Abstract:This article analyzes the effects of the Orange‐Senqu transboundary water governance regime on adaptive capacity by examining the influence of international water management institutions and interstate interactions on treaty flexibility, information management, actor networks, and financial resources. This study provides fresh insights into the dynamic effects of transboundary water governance. This is done by tracing changes in the components of adaptive capacity and the patterns of resource use and allocation over the regime's life and by determining the extent to which observed changes are caused by regime performance or other factors. Drawing on document analysis and in‐depth interviews, this article examines the assumption that cooperation between riparian states will enhance the ability of parties to recognize and respond to changing circumstances. It also examines the factors enabling and constraining reflexivity and joint planning in the basin.

The modern position of scientists and practitioners in the development of approaches (and often policies) for the development of agriculture is reduced to the need to identify individual instruments for production management and economic potential of the agro-industrial complex. Their distinctive characteristic is taking into account regional peculiarities for agricultural business. The purpose of this article is to develop focused on practice of effective management of material resources in agriculture at the regional level. The objects of the study were the regions of the Republic of Belarus and agricultural firms. The subject was the instruments of material resources management. The theoretical and methodological basis for the research was the papers of Russian scientists on program development for agriculture encouragement, management of industrial and economic agropotential, effective use and management of material resources in agriculture. The information base for the research was the data of the National Statistic Committee of the Republic of Belarus and the accounting statements of agricultural organizations. In the course of the study, it was determined that regional instruments for management of material resources should be differentiated on the basis of resource potential according to the constituents of material resources and should be based on a program-targeted approach that allows to present alternative solutions for the use of material resources, which take into account the interests of the state as a whole, region, district and determine the optimal combination of republican and regional social and economic interests (economic, food, social, and other types of security are taken into account). It is established that comprehensive programs of innovation and investment development should be developed for areas with a low level of resource potential, and for areas with medium and high levels of potential, these programs are mentioned to improve the efficiency of the use of material resources. Methodological approaches to the differentiation of districts by resource potential according to constituents of material resources are formulated. A model for program development to justify the effective use of material resources in the context of increasing the potential of agriculture is presented. The target indicators of the efficiency of material resources use taking into account the fertility of arable land are substantiated.

Resource acquisition and allocation to different biological functions over the course of life have strong implications for animal reproductive success. Animals can experience different environmental conditions during their lifetime, and this may play an important role in shaping their life-history and resource allocation strategies. In this study we investigate larval and adult resource allocation to reproductive and survival functions in the parasitoid wasp Ibalia leucospoides (family Ibaliidae). The pattern of larval resource allocation was inferred from the relationship between adult body size and ovigeny index (OI; a relative measure of investment in early reproduction determined as the ratio between the initial egg load and the potential lifetime fecundity); and adult resource allocation was explored through the influence of adult feeding on reproduction, maintenance and metabolism, in laboratory experiments. Food acquisition by this parasitoid in the wild was also examined. The relationship between size and OI was constant, suggesting no differential resource allocation to initial egg load and potential lifetime fecundity with size. This finding is in line with that predicted by adaptive models for the proovigenic egg maturation strategy (OI = 1). Despite of this, I. leucospoides showed a high OI of 0.77, which places this species among the weakly synovigenic ones (OI < 1). Adult feeding had no effect on post-emergence egg maturation. However, wasps extended their lifespan through feeding albeit only when food was provided ad libitum. Although the information we obtained on the feeding behaviour of free-foraging wasps is limited, our results suggest that food intake in the wild, while possible, may not be frequent in this parasitoid. We discuss the results relative to the environmental factors, such as reproductive opportunities and food availability, which may have driven the evolution of larval and adult pattern of resource allocation in parasitoids.

This study evaluated the Principals Material Resources Management Competence in Secondary Schools in Anaocha Local Government Area of Anambra State. The specific objectives of the study were to: examine the to; determine the availability of material resources in the secondary school; determine the skills needed by principals in planning material resources in secondary schools; determine the skills needed by principals in organizing material resources in secondary schools; determine the skills needed by principals in controlling the material resources in secondary schools; determine the skills needed by principals in secondary schools for evaluating the use of material resources. The Research design employed in the study is descriptive survey research design. The data generated for the study comprises of primary sources (field survey). Primary data are those obtained directly from the originators or main source. The population of this study was 904, and this comprised of 42 principals, 12 supervisors, and 850 teachers for the 42 secondary schools in Anaocha Local Government Area of Anambra State. Source: Anaocha LG H Qs, 2023. The sample sizes of 559 were chosen for the study. The study found that: there is significant difference in the mean ratings of the principals and supervisors on the competences needed by school principals for planning the use of materials resources in their schools. Principals differ significantly in their opinions regarding the mean ratings of the principals and supervisors on the competences needed by school principals for planning the use of materials resources in their schools. The study recommends Principals, teachers and supervisors should cooperate and work in synergy to develop a comprehensive report about the inadequacy of material resources in schools in the area and how it has constrained them from ensuring full implementation of the content of the curriculum. Principals should uphold the planning competences been deployed in managing the schools by collaborating with teachers and supervisors to ensure that more practicable planning practices and strategies are put to use.

The size of the physiological individual within the bunchgrass Schizachyrium scoparium Hubb. was investigated by evaluating the pattern and magnitude of 15N allocation within and between individual ramet hierarchies (sequences of connected ramet generations). Nitrogen-15 was acropetally allocated throughout the three generation hierarchies within 24 h regardless of the ramet generation or organ labelled. Both primary and secondary ramet generations allocated nitrogen to juvenile, tertiary ramets. Basipetal nitrogen allocation, from secondary to ontogenetically older primary ramets, was observed, but accounted for less than 1% of the 15N mass in the ramet hierarchies at the end of the 5-day experiment. Foliarly labelled ramets exported less nitrogen intraclonally than did root labelled ramets indicating that a greater proportion of the nitrogen was rapidly incorporated into metabolic compounds. A majority (>93%) of the 15N introduced into the ramet hierarchies remained within the labelled hierarchies as opposed to being allocated to associated hierarchies within individual clones. Clones of this bunchgrass consist of an assemblage of autonomous physiological individuals, composed of a minimum of three connected ramet generations, as opposed to a system of completely integrated ramet hierarchies. The propensity for acropetal resource allocation appears to be the predominant factor limiting resource allocation between ramet hierarchies within young clones possessing complete vascular continuity. Key-words: Acropetal allocation, caespitose growth form, clonal biology, 1 5N, physiological integration, resource allocation Introduction The bunchgrass or caespitose growth form consists of an assemblage of genetically identical ramets growing in close proximity. The potential for physiological integration between and among ramets is established by the vascular connections formed when juvenile ramets are initiated from axillary buds of parental ramets. Acropetal resource allocation within ramet hierarchies (sequences of connected ramet generations) has been documented in several clonal graminoids with isotopic tracers (Anderson-Taylor & Marshall, 1983; Welker et al., 1985; Welker, Briske & Weaver, 1987). Although these data clearly demonstrate the capacity for physiological integration within the clone, the number of connected ramet generations participating in the acquisition, allocation and utilization of resources to form the physiological individual has received relatively little attention (Watson & Casper, 1984; but see Jonsdottir & Callaghan, 1988). The capacity for resource allocation between and among ramet hierarchies is a prerequisite for complete clonal integration and may be an important constraint regulating the size of the physiological individual. However, interhierarchical resource allocation requires basipetal resource allocation through older intervening ramet generations including the common progenitor of the clone. Basipetal resource allocation has been observed in several clonal species, but the ecological significance of this allocation pattern is obscured by the minimal quantities of resource allocation and the apparent inconsistency of the process (Clifford, Marshall & Sagar, 1973; Lauer & Simmons, 1988; Magda, Warembourg & Labeyrie, 1988; Jonsdottir & Callaghan, 1989). The pattern of resource allocation may also influence the rate and extent of intraclonal allocation. Nutrients may be absorbed and recycled between the root and shoot system of individual ramets (Simpson, Lambers & Dalling, 1982), absorbed, assimilated and eventually remobilized to connected ramet generations (Jonasson & Chapin, 1985; Thorne & Wood, 1987) or absorbed and This content downloaded from 157.55.39.111 on Sat, 17 Sep 2016 05:45:22 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 434 allocated to connected ramets without being assiJ. M. Welker milated by the ramet which acquired the nutrient et al. from the environment (Marshall & Sagar, 1968; Welker et al., 1985, 1987). The predominant allocation route is presumably determined by the relative sink strengths among ramet generations and organs (i.e. roots, leaves, culms and inflorescences) within the clone and resource availability in the immediate environment (Pitelka & Ashmun, 1985; Lang & Thorpe, 1986). This investigation was conducted to evaluate the size of the physiological individual within intact clones of Schizachyrium scoparium Hubb. by identifying the pattern and magnitude of nitrogen allocation within and between ramet hierarchies. Root and foliar absorbed nitrogen were evaluated to contrast the importance of soil-absorbed and remobilized nitrogen, respectively, on the potential size of the physiological individual. S. scoparium possesses an architecture representative of the perennial bunchgrass growth form and is distributed throughout the eastern two-thirds of the USA

The elaboration of exaggerated, sexually selected weapons and ornaments often comes at a cost to other traits. For instance, by sustaining the growth of an exaggerated weapon during development, shared and limited resources such as morphogens, growth factors, and nutrients may become depleted and limit the size to which other structures can grow. Such interactions are characteristic of resource allocation trade-offs, which can constrain the production of phenotypic variation and bias evolutionary trajectories. Across many species of Onthophagus beetles, males produce extravagant horns that are used as weapons in male-male competition over mates. Previous studies have reported resource allocation trade-offs between horns and both proximally and distally developing structures. However, more recent studies have largely failed to recover these patterns, leading to the hypothesis that trade-offs may manifest only in certain species, populations, or environmental conditions. Here, we investigate (i) patterns of resource allocation into horns, eyes, and genitalia in Onthophagus gazella and O. taurus, and assess (ii) how these patterns of resource allocation are influenced by nutrient stress during larval development. We find that nutrient stress alters patterns of resource allocation within and among traits, but recover a trade-off only in the species that invests most heavily into horn production (O. taurus), and in individuals of that species that invested a disproportionately large or small amount of resources into horn growth. These results suggest that resource allocation trade-offs may not be as prevalent as previously described, and that their presence and magnitude may instead be highly context dependent.