Binding of protein kinase C to N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide through its ATP binding site

Abstract

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a Ca 2+- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase which has been implicated as a key enzyme in the regulation of cellular growth. The naphthalenesulfonamide W7 [ N-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-l-naphthalenesulfonamide] is representative of a number of cationic amphiphilic inhibitors of PKC which appear to inhibit PKC by interacting with the acidic phospholipid cofactor of the enzyme, according to kinetic studies. In a previous report, we demonstrated that PKC binds directly to W7 when the naphthalenesulfonamide is immobilized on agarose. In the present report, we have defined the mechanism of the binding of PKC to W7-agarose, and its relevance to the inhibitory mechanism of the naphthalenesulfonamide. We demonstrate that PKC bound W7-agarose through the catalytic domain of the enzyme. An active catalytic fragment of PKC was generated by limited proteolysis, and we found that this fragment bound W7-agarose and coeluted with intact PKC upon the addition of Triton X-100. W7 inhibited PKC activity by two different mechanisms. As previously reported, W7 inhibited PKC by interacting with the phospholipid cofactor of the enzyme (IC 50 = 260 μM). However, at higher concentrations of W7, we found that this naphthalenesulfonamide inhibited PKC by serving as a competitive inhibitor with respect to the substrate ATP, according to a kinetic analysis of the inhibition of the active catalytic fragment of PKC by W7. W7 inhibited the active catalytic fragment of PKC as well as PKC-catalyzed phosphorylation of protamine sulfate, a reaction which is independent of Ca 2+ and phospholipid, with similar potencies. Consistent with the kinetic evidence that W7 serves as a competitive inhibitor of PKC with respect to ATP, we found that, in the presence of 10 mM MgCl 2, 1 mM ATP was sufficient to elute PKC from W7-agarose. Thus, naphthalenesulfonamide PKC inhibitors may include both agents which primarily function by interacting with the phospholipid cofactor of the enzyme and agents which primarily serve as active site inhibitors of PKC.