Bilingual assessment of the Latvian Clinical Personality Inventory: A comparative study

Bayley Scales of infant & toddler development is a well-known diagnostic developmental assessment tool for children aged 1-42 months. Our aim was investigating the validity & reliability of this scale in Persian speaking children. The method was descriptive-analytic. Translation- back translation and cultural adaptation was done. Content & face validity of translated scale was determined by experts' opinions. Overall, 403 children aged 1 to 42 months were recruited from health centers of Tehran, during years of 2013-2014 for developmental assessment in cognitive, communicative (receptive & expressive) and motor (fine & gross) domains. Reliability of scale was calculated through three methods; internal consistency using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, test-retest and interrater methods. Construct validity was calculated using factor analysis and comparison of the mean scores methods. Cultural and linguistic changes were made in items of all domains especially on communication subscale. Content and face validity of the test were approved by experts' opinions. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was above 0.74 in all domains. Pearson correlation coefficient in various domains, were ≥ 0.982 in test retest method, and ≥0.993 in inter-rater method. Construct validity of the test was approved by factor analysis. Moreover, the mean scores for the different age groups were compared and statistically significant differences were observed between mean scores of different age groups, that confirms validity of the test. The Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development is a valid and reliable tool for child developmental assessment in Persian language children.

Malnutrition (MN) is common in children with acute and chronic illnesses. The use of questionnaires to assess nutritional risk in children admitted to hospital is a simple and quick way to identify patients who need nutritional advice and nutritional support. Various English-language screening questionnaires, such as STRONGkids nutritional risk screening tool for children, in particular, have been developed and validated. The purpose of the study is to adapt the STRONGkids nutritional risk screening tool for the Russian language speaking audience and to determine the reliability and validity of its new language version. Materials and methods of research: linguistic ratification of the STRONGkids questionnaire was carried out and the Russian language version was created. This single-center prospective study included 419 children admitted from October, 2019 to March, 2021 for treatment in Therapeutic Pediatric (cardiac, nephrological, gastroenterological, pulmonological etc.) and Surgical Pediatric (abdominal, thoracic, otorhinolaryngological, cardiosurgical etc.) Departments of the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health (Moscow, Russia) with a hospital stay longer than a single day. The reliability of the questionnaire was assessed in 50 children. The anthropometric indicators were used to assess the current validity; the duration of hospitalization was used to assess the predictive validity. Body mass index-for-age (BMI-for-age) <-2SD and Length/height-for-age <-2SD z-scores were criteria for acute and chronic MN, respectively. Results: almost complete (κ=0.84) inter-expert agreement was found during the evaluation of reliability of the STRONGkids questionnaire. The validation study included 419 patients (51% boys/49% girls) aged from 1 month till 17 years and 11 months old (8 years old as median) with hospitalization duration from 1 to 100 days (10 days as median), of which 314 (75%) and 105 (25%) therapeutic pediatric and surgical pediatric patients, respectively. The frequency of acute and chronic MN at admission was 9.1% and 7.4%, respectively, and the percentage of children at low, moderate and high risk (assessed by the questionnaire) was 22.7%, 66.6% and 10.7%, respectively. Children at nutritional risk had statistically significantly (p<0.05) lower BMI-for-age and Length/height-for-age z-scores, greater incidence of MN and longer hospital stays than patients without nutritional risk. A chronic disease addendum, complications and high nutritional risk according to the questionnaire are independent unfavorable factors for an increase in the duration of hospitalization. Conclusion: the Russian language version of the STRONGkids nutritional risk screening tool for children was adapted and validated to assess nutritional risk in children admitted to hospital for treatment. Since right now it can be of use for identifying patients at high risk of MN for the purpose of their additional examination and timely administration of nutritional support and can be used both in routine pediatric clinical practice and in purpose of further scientific research.

An array of measures of anxiety and related disorders (viz., Albany Panic and Phobia Questionnaire; Anxiety Sensitivity Index; Beck Anxiety Inventory; Beck Depression Inventory-II; Body Sensation Questionnaire; Fear Questionnaire; Padua Inventory; Penn State Worry Questionnaire; Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Diagnostic Scale; Social Interaction Anxiety Inventory; and Worry Scale) was edited or translated from English into Spanish. Following an extensive edit and translation process, bilingual participants (n = 98) were assessed with the English and Spanish versions of these measures. Coefficient alphas were excellent and comparable across language versions. Means and standard deviations were also comparable across language versions. Evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was found for both language versions. The two language versions of each measure correlated highly with each other. This psychometric comparability adds confidence in using the newly edited or translated Spanish language measures in clinical practice and research.

Identification of complications and control of comorbidities are essential in monitoring the patients with chronic disorders of consciousness and predicting their outcomes. The researchers of the Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences of the University of L'Aquila (Italy) developed the Comorbidities Coma Scale (CoCoS) for a comprehensive assessment of such patients. Lack of an officially validated version of the scale hampers its use in Russia, while using versions which have not been completely validated prevents clinicians from obtaining reliable results when examining patients with chronic disorders of consciousness. Aim. To develop the official Russian language version of the Comorbidities Coma Scale, considering various linguistic and cultural parameters, as a part of the 1st stage of the validation study. Material and methods. The first stage of validation was completed: direct and reverse translation of the scale was performed by two independent medical translators. The translated version was assessed by an expert board including an expert translator, neurologists, and critical care specialists. Pilot test and two meetings of the expert board, before and after testing, were arranged to assess the results and approve the final Russian version of the scale. Results. During the first meeting of the expert board, corrections were made in the Russian language version of the scale in terms of language and cultural adaptation. Pilot testing was carried out based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The researchers had no difficulties in understanding and interpreting the instructions for the scale. The second meeting of the expert board was held thereupon, and the final version of the Russian language version of the scale was adopted, which is available on the website of the Center for Validation of Health Status Questionnaires and Scales of the Research Center of Neurology. Conclusion. The first stage of validation, i. e., linguistic and cultural adaptation, was carried out at the Research Center of Neurology (Moscow, Russia). For the first time, the Russian version of the scale for assessing comorbidities in patients with chronic disorders of consciousness was presented and approved for the practical use. The future publications will address the psychometric results of the scale such as sensitivity, validity, reliability.

The concept of Sasang Constitutional Medicine (SCM) has been in existence in Traditional Korean Medicine for more than 100 years. It is of great importance that the Sasang constitution type be determined accurately before any therapeutic treatment. Reliability analyse were carried out to evaluate the Sasangin Diagnosis Questionnaire (SDQ). The data were collected through multi-center research in collaboration with the Departments of SCM in the nine Korean Colleges of Oriental Medicine. The internal consistency test and the test-retest method were applied in the reliability analysis. The test-retest data of 88 respondents were used to analyze the reliability. The internal consistency reliability analysis was carried out using the data collected from 423 respondents. The test-retest reliability was examined using the Pearson's correlation coefficients, which ranged from 0.44 to 0.74. The chi-square test results showed that there were five independent items in the retest that demanded careful attention. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient showed that all items were acceptable. All the categories of SDQ can be accepted as being reliable scales.

Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Parent Attitudes About Childhood Vaccines (PACV) scale

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric testing. To perform a validated Russian translation and then to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Russian language version of the Neck Disability Index (NDI-RU). Neck pain is highly prevalent and can greatly affect daily activity. The Neck Disability Index (NDI) is the most frequently used scale for self-rating of disability due to neck pain. Its translated versions are applied in many countries. However, the Russian language version of the NDI has not been developed yet. Cross-cultural adaptation of the NDI-RU was performed according to established guidelines. Then, the NDI-RU was evaluated for content validity, concurrent criterion validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, factor structure, and minimum detectable change. Two hundred thirty-two patients took part in the study in total: 109 in validity (39.5 ± 10 yr), 123 in reliability (38.4 ± 11 yr; 80 in the test-retest phase). A culturally valid translation was achieved. NDI-RU total scores were distributed normally. Floor/ceiling effects were absent. Good values of Cronbach α were obtained for each item (from 0.80 to 0.84) and for the total NDI-RU (0.83). A 2-factor solution was found for the NDI-RU. The average interitem correlation coefficient was 0.53. Intraclass correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability coefficients ranged from 0.65 to 0.92 for different items and 0.91 for the total NDI-RU. Moderate correlation (Spearman rs = 0.62; P < 0.05) was found between the NDI-RU total score and graphic rating scalepain score. Completion of the NDI-RU takes 3.6 ± 1 minutes. The development of a Russian language version of the Neck Disability Index resulted in a valid, reliable instrument that can be used both in clinical practice and scientific investigations. 1.

IntroductionCoronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of global mortality and a prevalent health issue in Iran. Assessing the empowerment of CAD patients during treatment and care is essential. However, no scale is available to measure empowerment in CAD patients in Iran. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the "Coronary Artery Disease Empowerment Scale" (CADES).MethodThis methodological and cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with CAD from June 2022 to April 2023 in Kermanshah City, Iran. The scale was translated using the forward–backward translation method. Construct validity was examined using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) with 190 samples and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) with 344 samples, both selected through convenience sampling. Internal consistency was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and reliability was evaluated using the test–retest method. SPSS version 27 and LISREL version 8 software were utilized for data analysis.ResultsThe EFA and CFA results confirmed the instrument with three factors and 25 items. The model's main indicators in factor analysis were all above 0.9, indicating a good fit for the model. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the items and subscales with the main scale showed a direct and significant relationship. Additionally, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.813) and test–retest reliability (0.763) confirmed the reliability of the Persian version of the CADES.DiscussionThe study's results suggest that the Persian version of CADES is both practical and acceptable for evaluating the empowerment of CAD patients. This tool can be relied upon as a valid and reliable method for assessing these patients' empowerment.

Background: Smoking poses varions adverse effects on human health. Unfortunately, there is still a large population of smokers worldwide. Well understanding the potential consequences of smoking by the general public may prevent the initiation of smoking behavior and help the smokers to quit.Aims: The aim of this study was to cross-culturally translate and validate the Persian version of Smoking Consequences Questionnaire (SCQ).Design and methods: The backward–forward translation technique was used to setup the scales among 40 smokers. Using a convenient sampling method, 400 smokers were recruited from a smoking cessation department in Qazvin city. Internal consistency and test–retest method was used to assess reliability. Cronbach’s Alpha and Intraclass Correlation Coefficients (ICC) were used to assess Internal Consistency and Test–retest reliability. Predictive validity of Nicotine Dependence was measured by correlation between SCQ and Fagerstrom Test. The scale construction was verified by Factor Analysis (explanatory and confirmatory). Data are expressed as mean ± SD, which were analyzed by SPSS.Results: The average age of participants was 40 ± 0.6 (376 male, 24 female). More than half of the participants smoked between 11 and 20 cigarettes per day. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients test showed an acceptable internal consistency (ranged from 0.70 to 0.93). All items of the SCQ were significantly correlated with each other at two assessments with 2-week interval (r ranged from 0.76 to 0.93). The ICC ranged from 0.73 to 0.89 for all factors (p < 0.05). The scale well fitted the data (GFI = 0.97, RMSEA = 0.064). There were 10 factors on the scale which explained ∼78% of the variance.Conclusion: Our results suggest that Persian SCQ is a valid and reliable application among Iranian smokers. The scales can nicely recognize the smokers’ views on health consequences across different languages and cultures, which is highly recommended in general public education.

Introduction: The Orthognathic Quality-of-Life Questionnaire (OQLQ) was developed in 2000 to assess the quality of life in patients with dentofacial deformities. The OQLQ has been translated into multiple languages and adapted to different cultures, but in Malaysia, there is no published translated version for the local population. The objectives of this study were to translate and cross-culturally adapt it, and to validate its usage in the Malaysian population. Methods: The translation process of OQLQ from the English version into the Malay version (OQLQ-M) was carried out via the forward-backward method. A total of 46 patients in the Oral and Maxillofacial Department, Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan, were recruited for this study from October 2022 to March 2023. The content validity of OQLQ-M was evaluated using the Content Validity Index (CVI). By pretesting the OQLQ-M with 10 participants of the study population, face validation was carried out. Concurrent validation was determined by comparing the OQLQ-M questionnaire to the shortened Oral Health Impact Profile (S-OHIP(M) questionnaire, which was represented by Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Reliability was tested using internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and the test–retest method with a 2-week interval by measuring the intra-class coefficient correlation. Results: The overall response rate of the participants for this study was 95.65%. The content validity of OQLQ-M was validated through CVI with an overall scale (S-CVI) of 1.00. The OQLQ-M demonstrated excellent results in the internal consistency with a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.964, and the test–retest reliability with the intra-class coefficient of 0.927 (95% confidence interval of 0.871–0.960, P &lt; 0.001). Most of the components between OQLQ-M and S-OHIP(M) have low to moderate positive correlations when compared. Conclusion: The translated Malay version of the OQLQ is a reliable and valid tool to assess the quality of life in the Malaysian population with dentofacial deformities.

The competency of a nurse in integrating knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values in various healthcare areas depends on their ability to apply these elements. It is a basic indicator of performance in nursing, and its assessment is a necessity among nursing students. The present study was conducted to determine the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the nursing competence tool for Iranian nursing students in 2023. This is a methodological study in which the Nursing Student Competence Scale (NSCS) was translated into Persian using the forward-backward translation method. A total of 321 nursing students were selected for construct validity by the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) (the first 190 nursing students) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) by convenience sampling method. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to evaluate the internal consistency, and the test-retest method was used to check the instrument's reliability. The results of EFA and CFA confirmed the instrument with six factors and 28 items. The results showed that the fit indices of the model in CFA included (CFI = .91, NNFI = .90, goodness of fit index = .83, root mean square error of approximation = .075, standardized root mean square residual = .047). Pearson's correlation coefficient between items and subscales showed a direct and significant relationship with the main scale. Also, Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.9) and test-retest (0.88) confirmed the reliability of the Persian version of (NSCS). Generally, the Persian version of the NSCS with 28 items and six factors is a valid and reliable scale. This instrument has good internal consistency, validity, and reliability, which can be used to evaluate nursing students' competence in bachelor training.

This study aimed to adapt the MADRE to Persian and to examine the validity and reliability of the new scale. For the adaptation, the translation and back-translation method was used and after some variations a shorter version of questionnaire having 26 items was developed from the original MADRE. Validity testing involved a panel consisted of 15 psychologists to fulfill a quantitative assessment by calculating content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Since the lowest acceptable quantity of CVR in the presence of 15 panelists and CVI is determined 0.49 and 0.79 respectively, all the items of developed instrument enjoyed a proper level of content validity in terms of essentiality, relevance, and clarity with an exception for one item relevance. Reliability of the instrument was assessed by a test–retest method and use of Cronbach's alpha.Persian scale demonstrated good test-retest reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was achieved 0.752 for the overall scale.The findings of current investigation suggest that Persian adaption of MADRE is a valid and reliable instrument which can be tried on target populations in further studies.

Understanding sustainable food choices is key to shifting consumer behavior toward sustainable food consumption. This study aimed to determine the validity and reliability of the Sustainable Food Choice Questionnaire (SUS-FCQ) in 602 Turkish adults. The linguistic equivalence of the SUS-FCQ was provided using the standard translation–back translation method, content validity, and pilot testing. Then, the convergent, discriminant, and construct (exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)) validity and reliability (test–retest and internal consistency) were evaluated. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was found to be excellent (0.961) and the intraclass correlation coefficient was found to be moderate (0.689) using the test–retest method. As a result of the EFA, two-factor structures were found, and the factor loadings of the items were 0.651 and 0.878. These factors explained 79.17% of the total variance, and discriminant and convergent validity was provided for both factors. The results of this study suggest that the adapted SUS-FCQ is valid and reliable for determining sustainable food choice motives in the Turkish population. Therefore, the SUS-FCQ can be a useful instrument to encourage people to shift toward and adhere to sustainable food consumption.

BackgroundIt has been widely accepted that oral health status is related to oral health literacy. The need to measure oral health literacy has led to the development of measurement instruments. This study aimed to develop a comprehensive instrument for adults and to examine its reliability and validity in China.MethodsA three-step design process was used. First, a literature review and expert panel discussion were used to draw up a 37-item pool covering oral health knowledge, belief, practice, skill, and functional oral health literacy. The Delphi method was used to delete and modify questions in the item pool. The draft instrument was evaluated by nine experts and the consensus among them was calculated using the content validity index. The scale was then used to conduct a psychometric study among 370 participants from community health centers in Beijing. Construct validity, discriminant validity and concurrent validity were examined. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, and test–retest methods were used to assess reliability.ResultsThe final scale included 30 items across four dimensions. The item–level content validity index was 0.90. Exploratory factor analysis extracted four fixed factors, and the result of the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin and Bartlett’s tests was 0.752, with the model explaining 35.21% of the total variance. The four dimensions were associated with oral health knowledge, perceptions of oral health issues, oral health practice and skills, and functional oral health literacy. The mean score of the lowest 27% was significantly lower than the highest 27% (P < 0.01), suggesting adequate discriminant validity. The associations between comprehensive oral health literacy scores and educational level, income and self-reported literacy level were significant (P < 0.001), showing adequate overall concurrent validity. Internal consistency and test–retest reliability were acceptable, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.72 and a total test–retest reliability coefficient of 0.979.ConclusionsInitial testing of the comprehensive oral health literacy instrument suggested that it is a valid and reliable instrument to evaluate individuals’ oral health literacy, with four dimensions for evaluating knowledge, belief, skills, and functional oral health literacy.

Introduction. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a neurodegenerative disease and is the second most frequent cause of early-onset dementia (before 65 years). Quantitative assessment of disease severity can be an essential tool for predicting and objectively assessing the rate of disease progression, which is vital not only for clinical practice but also for research. There are no specialized Russian language scales for evaluating the severity of dementia in FTD, and the use of functional assessment scales developed for patients with Alzheimer disease for this purpose leads to erroneous diagnosis and reduces the quality of research. The aim of this work was to perform linguistic and cultural adaptation and validation of the Russian version of the Frontotemporal Dementia Rating Scale (FTD-FRS). Materials and methods: Forward and back translations of the scale and its materials, pilot testing, development of the Russian language version with the help of a linguist and neurologists specializing in working with patients with cognitive impairments were performed. Results. After completing the forward and back translations, the expert commission removed inaccuracies in the translation of the scale materials. Pilot testing was carried out on 10 patients with FTD. Researchers did not have any difficulties understanding and interpreting the instructions. After this stage, the final edition of the Russian version of the scale was adopted. The article contains the main text of the scale and a link to the full version of the scale with the main text and instructions. Conclusion. A Russian language version of the Frontotemporal Dementia Rating Scale has been published for the first time. The first stage of validation (linguistic and cultural adaptation) was performed in the Research Center of Neurology. There is ongoing work to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Russian language version.