Abstract
Background A functional interplay between BAs and microbial composition in gut is a well-documented phenomenon. In bile, this phenomenon is far less studied, and with this report, we describe the interactions between the BAs and microbiota in this complex biological matrix. Methodology. Thirty-seven gallstone disease patients of which twenty-one with Opisthorchis felineus infection were enrolled in the study. The bile samples were obtained during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease operative treatment. Common bile acid composition was measured by LC-MS/MS. Gallbladder microbiota were previously analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing on Illumina MiSeq platform. The associations between bile acid composition and microbiota were analyzed. Results Bile acid signature and Opisthorchis felineus infection status exert influence on beta-diversity of bile microbial community. Direct correlations were found between taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentrations, and alpha-diversity of bile microbiota. Taurocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid both show positive associations with the presence of Chitinophagaceae family, Microbacterium and Lutibacterium genera, and Prevotella intermedia. Also, direct associations were identified for taurocholic acid concentration and the presence of Actinomycetales and Bacteroidales orders, Lautropia genus, Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae as well as for taurochenodeoxycholic acid and Acetobacteraceae family and Sphingomonas genus. There were no differences in bile acid concentrations between O. felineus-infected and noninfected patients. Conclusions/Significance. Associations between diversity, taxonomic profile of bile microbiota, and bile acid levels were evidenced in patients with cholelithiasis. Increase of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid concentration correlates with bile microbiota alpha-diversity and appearance of opportunistic pathogens.
Highlights
Liver bile ducts and gallbladder have some of the most unexplored biomes in the human body due to the invasiveness of their exploration
Bile of the healthy organisms was considered sterile [1], but recently, it has been shown that healthy pigs have a native bile duct microbiota [2], and 16S rRNA gene profiling has confirmed the presence of bacterial amplicons belonging to Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria phyla in the human intact gallbladder bile [3, 4]
The high abundance of glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), and taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDCA) in the total bile composition of patients with cholelithiasis was consistent with the results reported for patients with benign biliary disease [23]
Summary
Liver bile ducts and gallbladder have some of the most unexplored biomes in the human body due to the invasiveness of their exploration. Liver fluke infection with O. viverrini resulted in an alteration of taxonomic composition and an increase of alpha-diversity in the bile microbiome in animal model [6]. Human-based study of gallbladder microbiota in O. felineus infection confirmed the fact of fluke-induced shifts in the bile microbial community structure and the introduction of taxons undetectable in microbiota of noninfected individuals [7]. Bile acid signature and Opisthorchis felineus infection status exert influence on beta-diversity of bile microbial community. Direct correlations were found between taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentrations, and alpha-diversity of bile microbiota. Associations between diversity, taxonomic profile of bile microbiota, and bile acid levels were evidenced in patients with cholelithiasis. Increase of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid concentration correlates with bile microbiota alpha-diversity and appearance of opportunistic pathogens
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