Abstract

Under simple or combined stresses, homogeneous sand specimens exhibit localization of deformation followed by shear band formation. This phenomenon has been extensively studied under plane strain loading conditions. This paper studies the initiation and propagation of the shear bands that develop in thin long hollow cylinders of sand subjected to a combination of axial torsional and spherical stresses. Digital image processing techniques are used to observe and measure the displacements and the initiation and development of the shear bands. The effects of the inclination of the principal stresses on the axis of symmetry, the relative density, the confining pressure and granulometry are examined. Strain measurements within the shear bands open the door to a more complete description of the mechanical behaviour of the material, in particular beyond the peak, in the so-called strain softening zone. L'application de contraintes simples ou complexes à des échantillons homogènes de sable donne lieu à une localization de la déformation sous forme de bandes de cisaillement. Ce phénomène a été largement étudié dans des conditions de déformations planes. Dans cet article on utilise des cylindres creux de sable soumis à des contraintes axiales, torsionelles, et hydrostatiques pour étudier la formation et la propagation de ces bandes de cisaillement. Des techniques basées sur l'analyse digitale d'images sont utilisées pour observer ainsi que pour mesurer les déplacements et l'initiation des bandes. On examine l'influence de l'inclinaison des contraintes principales sur l'axe de Symmetrie, de la densité relative, de la contrainte hydrostatique, et de la granulometrie. La mesure des déformations a l'intérieur des bandes de cisaillement permet de faire une description plus complète du comportement mécanique du matériau; en particulier au-delà du maximum et dans la zone de ramolissement.

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