Abstract
Bifenthrin is a (type I; III generation; non-cyano) synthetic pyrethroid used for both agricultural and non-agricultural purposes. Due to its common use, it is widely reported from different parts of the world. Its use is on a continuous rise, which poses a significant risk to non-target organisms including fish. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to assess multiple biomarkers-based toxicological endpoints of bifenthrin-exposed Ctenopharyngodon idella, grass carp. The first part of the research evaluated the LC50 of bifenthrin against grass carp for 96 h, followed by investigating its effect on their biochemical profile [total protein; antioxidant enzymes including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione-s-transferase (GST); serum biochemical parameters including chloride, magnesium, sodium, potassium, albumin, total bilirubin, cholesterol, inorganic phosphate, total protein, and urea; DNA damage in term of tail length, %tail DNA, tail moment, and olive tail moment (OTM)], physiological disruption [whole body cortisol, Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glucose], hematological profile [red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), platelets, packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)], and behavioral inconsistencies (hyperactiveness, hypoactiveness, equilibrium loss, rapid swimming, adapting vertical position, jumping, etc.). At acute concentration bifenthrin exposure induced stress, evaluated in terms of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO), which led to different subtle changes in the behavioral, biochemical, and hematological profile of grass carp. The current study explicates risks posed by bifenthrin on fish with underlying the possible mechanism of toxicity and supports the necessity to investigate multiple biomarkers-based toxicological endpoints in chemical risk assessment and safety analysis using fish as a model organism. Bifenthrin was classified as a highly toxic pesticide for grass carp.
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